Нова Гвинеја — разлика између измена

The island of New Guinea lies to the east of the [[Malay Archipelago]], with which it is sometimes included as part of a greater Indo-Australian Archipelago.<ref name=Wallace>{{cite web|last=Wallace |first=Alfred Russel |authorlink=Alfred Russel Wallace |title=On the Physical Geography of the Malay Archipelago |url=http://web2.wku.edu/~smithch/wallace/S078.htm |year=1863 |accessdate=30 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117084201/http://web2.wku.edu/~smithch/wallace/S078.htm |archivedate=January 17, 2010 }}</ref> Geologically it is a part of the same [[tectonic plate]] as Australia. When world sea levels were low, the two shared shorelines (which now lie 100 to 140 metres below sea level),<ref name="aims">{{cite web | year = 2001 | url = http://www.aims.gov.au/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=703cba58-6526-44e4-91eb-7ef84e4ba25d&groupId=30301 | title = Big Bank Shoals of the Timor Sea: An environmental resource atlas | publisher = Australian Institute of Marine Science | accessdate = 2006-08-28 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110927084419/http://www.aims.gov.au/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=703cba58-6526-44e4-91eb-7ef84e4ba25d&groupId=30301 | archive-date = 2011-09-27 | url-status = dead }}</ref> and combined with lands now inundated into the tectonic continent of [[Sahul Shelf|Sahul]],<ref name=ballard>{{cite conference |first=Chris |last=Ballard |title=Stimulating minds to fantasy? A critical etymology for Sahul |booktitle=Sahul in review: Pleistocene archaeology in Australia, New Guinea and island Melanesia |pages=19–20 |publisher=Australian National University | location= Canberra |year=1993 |isbn=0-7315-1540-4 }}</ref><ref name="Allen 1977">{{cite book |last=Allen |first=J. |editor-first=J. |editor-last=Golson |editor-first2=R. |editor-last2=Jones |title=Sunda and Sahul: Prehistorical studies in Southeast Asia, Melanesia and Australia |year=1977 |publisher=Academic Press |location=London |isbn=0-12-051250-5 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/sundasahulprehis0000unse }}</ref> also known as [[Greater Australia]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Allen |first=Jim |last2=Gosden |first2=Chris |last3=Jones |first3=Rhys |last4=White |first4=J. Peter |year=1988 |title=Pleistocene dates for the human occupation of New Ireland, northern Melanesia |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=331 |issue=6158 |pages=707–709 |doi=10.1038/331707a0 |pmid=3125483}}</ref> The two landmasses became separated when the area now known as the Torres Strait flooded after the end of the [[last glacial period]].▼

Anthropologically, New Guinea is considered part of [[Melanesia]].<ref>"Melanesia, the ethnogeographic region that includes New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, and New Caledonia, contains some of the most remote and inaccessible populations on earth." Highly divergent molecular variants of human T-lymphotropic virus type I from isolated populations in Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands, A Gessian, R Yanagihara, G Franchini, R M Garruto, C L Jenkins, A B Ajdukiewicz, R C Gallo, and D C Gajdusek, PNAS September 1, 1991 vol. 88 no. 17 7694–7698</ref>▼

New Guinea is differentiated from its drier, flatter,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/National/Map-from-above-shows-Australia-is-a-very-flat-place/2005/01/21/1106110947946.html|title=Map from above shows Australia is a very flat place|date=21 January 2005|last=Macey|first=Richard|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|accessdate=5 April 2010}}</ref> and less fertile<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/quantum/info/q95-19-5.htm|title=A Chat with Tim Flannery on Population Control|last=Kelly|first=Karina|publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=13 September 1995|accessdate=23 April 2010}} "Well, Australia has by far the world's least fertile soils".</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Damaged Dirt|newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]]|last=Grant|first=Cameron|url=http://www.1degree.com.au/files/AdvertiserPartworks_Part3_Page8.pdf?download=1&filename=AdvertiserPartworks_Part3_Page8.pdf|date=August 2007|accessdate=23 April 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706100423/http://www.1degree.com.au/files/AdvertiserPartworks_Part3_Page8.pdf?download=1&filename=AdvertiserPartworks_Part3_Page8.pdf|archivedate=6 July 2011}} "Australia has the oldest, most highly weathered soils on the planet."</ref> southern counterpart, [[Australia]], by its much higher rainfall and its active volcanic geology, with its highest point, [[Puncak Jaya]], reaching an elevation of 4,884&nbsp;m (16,023&nbsp;ft). Yet the two land masses share a similar animal fauna, with marsupials, including [[wallaby|wallabies]] and [[Phalangeriformes|possums]], and the egg-laying monotreme, the [[echidna]]. Other than bats and some two dozen indigenous rodent genera,<ref>{{Cite journal |title=A Phylogeny of New Guinea Rodent Genera Based on Phallic Morphology |first=W. Z., Jr. |last=Lidicker |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=49 |issue=4 |year=1968 |pages=609–643 |doi=10.2307/1378724 }}</ref> there are no pre-human indigenous [[placental mammal]]s. Pigs, several additional species of rats, and the ancestor of the [[New Guinea singing dog]] were introduced with human [[colonization]].▼