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== Ekologija {{anchor|Ecology|Floodplain ecosystems}} ==
[[File:floodislewight.jpg|thumb|left|Poplavna ravnica nakon jedne u deset godina poplave na [[Острво Вајт|Ostrvu Vajt]]]]
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[[File:floodislewightAlaska Floodplain 1902.jpg|thumb|leftright|TheŠljunčana floodplainpoplavna afterravnica aglacijalne one-in-10-yearreke floodu onblizini theSnežnih [[Isleplanina ofna Wight[[Alaska|Aljasci]], 1902]]
[[File:Laramie River floodplain 1949.jpg|thumb|left| The [[ Laramie RiverMeandar]] i reke [[ meanderLaramie River|Larami]] s acrossširom itsnjene floodplainplavne inravnice u [[Albany County, Wyoming |okrugu Olbani]] u [[Vajoming]] u, 1949.]] ▼[[File:Alaska Floodplain 1902.jpg|thumb|right|Gravel floodplain of a glacial river near the Snow Mountains in [[Alaska]], 1902]]
[[File:Animas Valley CO 1903.jpg|thumb|right|Ovo [[Aggradation|agradaciono]] poplavno polje malog vijugavog potoka u [[La Plata County, Colorado|okrugu La Plata]], u državi [[Kolorado]], ima za podlogu mulj koji je odložen iznad brane formirane terminalnom [[Morena (geomorfologija)|morenom]] koju je ostavio [[Wisconsin glaciation|ledenjak Viskonsin]].]]
▲[[File:Laramie River floodplain 1949.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Laramie River]] [[meander]]s across its floodplain in [[Albany County, Wyoming]], 1949.]]
[[File:Flood plain 7991.JPG|right|thumb|Obalska vegetacija na poplavnom polju reke [[Lynches River|Linčes]], u blizini [[Џонсонвил (Јужна Каролина)|Džonsonvila]] u [[South Carolina|Južnoj Karolini]]. Ova stabla [[Tupelo|tupela]] i [[Taxodium|čempresa]] svedoče o poplavama [[High water mark|visokog vodostaja]].]]
[[File:Animas Valley CO 1903.jpg|thumb|right|This aggradational floodplain of a small meandering stream in [[La Plata County, Colorado]], is underlain by silt deposited above a dam formed by a terminal [[moraine]] left by the [[Wisconsin glaciation|Wisconsin Glacier]].]]
[[File:Flood plain 7991.JPG|right|thumb|Riparian vegetation on the floodplain of the [[Lynches River]], close to [[Johnsonville, South Carolina]]. These [[tupelo]] and [[Taxodium|cypress]] trees show the [[ordinary high water mark|high-water mark]] of flooding.]]
Poplavne ravnice canmogu supportpodržati particularlyposebno richbogate ecosystemsekosisteme, bothkako inu quantitykoličini andtako diversityi u raznolikosti. [[Tugay|Tugajske]] forestsšume formformiraju anekosistem ecosystempovezan associatedsa withpoplavnim floodplainsvodama, especiallyposebno inu [[Central Asia|centralnoj Aziji]]. TheyOni aresu a category ofkategorija [[riparian|priobalnih]] zoneszona orili systemssistema. APoplavna ravan floodplainmože canda containsadrži 100 orili evenčak 1,.000 timesputa asviše manyvrsta speciesod as a riverreke. Wetting of the floodplainVlaženje soilplavnog releasestla anoslobađa immediatetrenutni surgetalas ofhranljivih nutrientssastojaka: thoseonih leftkoji oversu fromostali theod lastposlednje flood, and thosepoplave thati resultonih fromkoji thesu rapidrezultat decompositionbrzog ofraspadanja organicorganske mattermaterije thatkoja hasse accumulatedakumulirala sinceod thentada. MicroscopicMikroskopski organismsorganizmi thrivebujaju andi largerveće speciesvrste enterulaze au rapidbrzi breedingciklus cycleumnožavanja. OpportunisticOportunistički feedershranioci (particularlynaročito birds[[ptice]]) moveuseljavaju se inda tobi takeiskoristili advantageprednost. TheProizvodnja productionhranljivih ofsastojaka nutrientsbrzo peaksdoseže andvrhunac fallsi away quicklyopada; howevermeđutim thetalas surgenovog ofrasta newtraje growthjoš enduresneko forvreme. someZbog time.toga Thissu makespoplavne floodplainspovršine particularlyposebno valuablevredne forza [[agriculture|poljoprivredu]]. RiverStope flowprotoka ratesreka areprolaze undergoingkroz changepromene followingu suitskladu withs climateklimatskim changepromenama. ThisOva changepromena ispredstavlja apretnju threatza topriobalne thezone riparian zones andi otherostale floodplainpoplavne forestsšume. TheseOve forestssu havešume overvremenom timesinhronizovale syncedsvoje theirnasade seedlingsadnica depositsnakon afterproletnih thevrhova springu peaksprotoku inkako flowbi tonajbolje bestiskoristile taketlo advantagebogato ofhranjivim thematerijama nutrientkoje richje soildobijeno generatedvršnim by peak flowprotokom. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rood|first=Stewart B.|last2=Pan|first2=Jason|last3=Gill|first3=Karen M.|last4=Franks|first4=Carmen G.|last5=Samuelson|first5=Glenda M.|last6=Shepherd|first6=Anita|date=2008-02-01|title=Declining summer flows of Rocky Mountain rivers: Changing seasonal hydrology and probable impacts on floodplain forests|url=|journal=Journal of Hydrology|volume=349|issue=3–4|pages=397–410|doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.11.012}}</ref>
ExcludingAko se izuzmu [[famines|glad]] andi [[epidemicepidemija|epidemije]]s, someneke ofod thenajgorih worstprirodnih naturalkatastrofa disastersu in historyistoriji (measuredmereno bybrojem fatalitiessmrtnih slučajeva) havebile beensu riverrečne floodspoplave, particularly inposebno theod [[Yellow River|Žute reke]] inu ChinaKini –- seepogledajte [[listList of deadliest floods|listu najsmrtonosnijih poplava]]. TheNajgora worstod of these, andnjih thei [[List of natural disasters by death toll#Ten deadliest natural disasters|worstnajgora naturalprirodna disasterkatastrofa]] (excludingizuzev faminegladi andi epidemicsepidemija) werebile thesu [[Поплаве у Кини 1931.|poplave Chinau floodsKini 1931.]] godine, estimatedza tokoje havese killedprocenjuje millions.da Thissu hadusmrtile beenmilione. precededTome byje prethodila thepoplava [[1887 Yellow River flood|Žute reke 1887.]], whichu killedkojoj aroundje onepoginulo millionoko peoplemilion ljudi, andi isdruga theje second-worstnajgora naturalprirodna disasterkatastrofa inu historyistoriji.
Obim poplavljenosti poplavnog područja delom zavisi od veličine poplave, koja je definisana [[Return period|povratnim periodom]].
The extent of floodplain inundation depends in part on the flood magnitude, defined by the [[return period]].
InU theSjedinjenim United States theDržavama, [[Fema|Federalna agencija za upravljanje u kriznim situacijama]] ({{jez-eng-lat|Federal Emergency Management Agency, (FEMA}})]] manages theupravlja [[National Flood Insurance Program|Nacionalnim programom osiguranja od poplava]] ({{jez-eng-lat|National Flood Insurance Program, NFIP}}). The NFIP offersnudi insuranceosiguranje toimovine propertieskoja locatedse withinnalazi aunutar floodpodručja pronesklonog areapoplavi, askao definedšto byje thedefinisano [[Flood Insurance Rate Map|Kartom stope osiguranja od poplava]] ({{jez-eng-lat|Flood Insurance Rate Map, FIRM}}), whichkoja depictsprikazuje variousrazličite floodrizike risksod forpoplave aza communityzajednicu. The FIRM typically focusesse onobično delineationfokusira ofna therazgraničenje 100-yeargodišnjeg floodpoplavnog inundation areapodručja, alsokoje knownje withinu theokviru NFIP-a aspoznato thei Specialkao Floodpodručje opasnosti Hazardod Areapoplava.
WhereTamo agde detailedje studydetaljna ofstudija avodnog waterwayputa has been doneurađena, the 100-yeargodišnje poplavno floodplainpolje willtakođe alsoobuhvata includei thepoplavni floodwayput, thekritični criticaldeo portionpoplavne ofravnice thekoji floodplain which includes theobuhvata [[streamChannel (geography)|kanal channelpotoka]] andi anybilo adjacentkoja areassusedna thatpodručja mustkoja bemoraju keptbiti freezaštićena ofod encroachmentssmetanji thatkoje mightmogu blockblokirati floodpoplavne flowstokove orili restrictograničiti storageskladištenje ofpoplavnih flood watersvoda. AnotherJoš jedan commonlyčešto encounteredkorišten termtermin isje the''specijalno Specialpodručje Floodopasnosti Hazardod Areapoplava'', whichšto isje anybilo areakoje subjectpodručje tougroženo inundationpoplavom by thetokom 100-yeargodišnje floodhronologije.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/44/59.1|title=44 CFR 59.1 - Definitions.|website=LII / Legal Information Institute}}</ref> AProblem problemje isu thattome anyšto alterationsvaka ofpromena thesliva watersheduzvodno upstreamod ofdate thetačke pointmože inpotencijalno questionuticati canna potentiallysposobnost affectsliva theda abilityprovodi of the watershed to handle watervodu, anda thustime potentiallypotencijalno affectsutiče thei levelsna ofnivo theperiodičnih periodic floodspoplava. ANa large shopping center and parking lotprimer, forveliki example,tržni maycentar raisei theparking levelsmogu ofpodići thenivo 5-yearpetogodišnjih, 100-year,stogodišnjih andi otherdrugih floodspoplava, butali themape mapsse are rarely adjusted,retko andprilagođavaju arei frequentlyčesto renderedpostaju obsoletezastarele byusled subsequentnaknadnog developmentrazvoja.
InDa orderbi forse flood-proneimovina propertysklona topoplavama qualifykvalifikovala forza government-subsidizedosiguranje insurance,koje asubvencioniše localdržava, communitylokalna mustzajednica adoptmora anda ordinanceusvoji thaturedbu protectskoja theštiti floodwaypoplavni andput requiresi thatzahteva newda residentialsu structuresnove builtstambene ingrađevine Specializgrađene Floodu Hazardpodručjima Areasposebne beopasnosti elevatedod topoplave atpodignute leastna thenajmanje levelnivo of theod 100-year floodgodina poplava. CommercialKomercijalne structuresstrukture canmogu bebiti elevatedpovišene orili floodzaštićene proofedod topoplave ordo aboveili thisiznad levelovog nivoa. InU somenekim areasoblastima withoutbez detailedinformacija studydobijenih information,detaljnim structuresstudijama maymože bese requiredtražiti toda bese elevatedkonstrukcije topodignu atna leastnajmanje twodva feetmetra aboveiznad theokolnog surrounding gradenivoa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/44/60.3|title=44 CFR 60.3 - Flood plain management criteria for flood-prone areas.|website=LII / Legal Information Institute}}</ref> ManyMnoge Statedržavne andi locallokalne governmentsvlade havesu, inpored additiontoga, adoptedusvojile floodplainpropise constructiono regulationsizgradnji whichpoplavnih arepodručja morekoji restrictivesu thanrestriktivniji thoseod mandatedonih bykoje thenalaže NFIP. TheAmerička USvlada governmenttakođe alsosponzira sponsorsnapore floodza hazardublažavanje mitigationopasnosti effortsod topoplave reducekako floodbi se smanjili uticaji impactspoplava. [[California|Kalifornijski]]'s Hazardprogram Mitigationublažavanja Programopasnosti isjedan oneje fundingod sourceizvora forfinansiranja mitigationmitigacionog projectsprojekata. ABrojni number ofgradovi, whole towns such aspoput [[English, Indiana|Ingliša]] u [[Indijana|Indijani]], havepotpuno beensu completelyrelocirani relocatedda tobi removese themuklonili fromiz thepoplavnog floodplainpolja. OtherOstali smaller-scalenapori mitigationza effortsublažavanje includemanjih acquiringrazmera anduključuju demolishingnabavku flood-pronei buildingsrušenje orgrađevina flood-proofingsklonih poplavama ili zaštitu od thempoplava.
== Reference ==
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