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{{рут}}{{short description|Pyramid structure in Mexico}}
[[Датотека:15-07-13 Teotihuacan la Avenida de los Muertos y la Pirámide del Sol-RalfR-WMA 0251.jpg|лево|мини]]
{{Археолошки локалитет
'''Сунчева пирамида''' је назив за највећи грађевински објекат древног [[Мексико|мексичког]] града [[Теотивакан]], или једну од највећих у [[Мезоамерика|Мезоамерици]] . Налази се дуж Авеније мртвих, између [[Месечева пирамида|Месечеве пирамиде]] и Циудаделе, у сенци планине Церо Гордо.
| назив = Сунчева пирамида
| изворни_назив = -{Pyramid of the Sun}-
| слика = Sun Pyramid 05 2015 Teotihuacan 3304.JPG
| опис_слике = Front view of the Pyramid of the Sun
| држава = [[Mexico State]]
| република =
| покрајина =
| регија = [[Mesoamerica]]
| област = [[Teotihuacan]]
| дужина = 220 meters (720 feet)<ref>"Teotihuacán." Britannica School. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2014. Web. 9 Dec. 2014.</ref>
| ширина = 224 meters (740 feet)<ref>"Teotihuacán." Britannica School. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2014. Web. 9 Dec. 2014.</ref>
| volume = 1,184,828.3 cubic meters (41,841,817 cubic feet)
| висина = 65.5 meters (216 feet)<ref>"Teotihuacán." Britannica School. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2014. Web. 9 Dec. 2014.</ref>
| тип = Pyramid, Temple
| мапа =
| оснивање = 200 CE<ref>"Teotihuacán." Early Civilizations in the Americas Reference Library. Ed. Sonia G. Benson, Sarah Hermsen, and Deborah J. Baker. Vol. 2: Almanac, Vol. 2. Detroit: UXL, 2005. 315–332. Student Resources in Context. Web. 14 Dec. 2014.</ref>
| напуштен = 750 CE<ref>"Teotihuacán." Britannica School. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2014. Web. 9 Dec. 2014.</ref>
| оснивач =
| епоха = Mesoamerican classic
| друга имена =
| гшир =
| гдуж =
| културе = Toltec
| услов = Protect by [[UNESCO]]
| власништво = Cultural heritage
| руководство = [[World Heritage Committee]]
| јавни_приступ = Yes
| белешке = Third largest ancient pyramid in the world, the second largest is the [[Pyramid of Giza]] and the largest is the [[Great Pyramid of Cholula]] which is 90 kilometers away
}}
 
'''Сунчева пирамида''' је назив за највећи грађевински објекат древног [[Мексико|мексичког]] града [[Теотивакан]], или једну од највећих у [[Мезоамерика|Мезоамерици]]. Налази се дуж Авеније мртвих, између [[Месечева пирамида|Месечеве пирамиде]] и Сиудадела, у сенци планине Серо Гордо.
Дугачка је 225 м, а широка 75 м, док је висока 75 м, и сматра се трећом највећом пирамидом на свету. Изграђена је у 2. веку, а претпоставља се да се на њеном врху налазио храм који је касније уништен, било због ерозије или вандализма. Име Пирамида Сунца дали су јој [[Астеци]] .
 
[[Датотека:15-07-13 Teotihuacan la Avenida de los Muertos y la Pirámide del Sol-RalfR-WMA 0251.jpg|лево|мини|Сунчева пирамида]]
Дугачка је 225 м, а широка 75 м, док је висока 75 м, и сматра се трећом највећом пирамидом на свету. Изграђена је у 2. веку,<ref>[http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/teot2/hd_teot2.htm, Teotihuacan: Pyramids of the Sun and the Moon, Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, retrieved October 29, 2016]</ref> а претпоставља се да се на њеном врху налазио храм који је касније уништен, било због ерозије или вандализма. Име Пирамида Сунца дали су јој [[Астеци]].
 
== Историја ==
[[File:MW-Teotihuacan9.jpg|thumb|лево|Пирамида Сунца]]
[[File:Ciudadela - Blick zur Sonnenpyramide.jpg|thumb|лево|Пирамида Сунца у [[Теотивакан]]у]]
 
The name ''Pyramid of the Sun'' comes from the [[Aztecs]], who visited the city of Teotihuacan centuries after it was abandoned; the name given to the pyramid by the Teotihuacanos is unknown. It was constructed in two phases. The first construction stage, around 200 CE, brought the pyramid to nearly the size it is today. The second round of construction resulted in its completed size of 225 meters (738
feet) across and 75 meters (246 feet) high, making it the third largest pyramid in the world,<ref>{{cite book|last=Aston|first=Michael|title=Atlas of Archaeology|year=1998|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|isbn=978-0-7894-3189-9|authorlink=MIck Aston|author2=Tim Taylor|page=[https://archive.org/details/atlasofarchaeolo0000asto/page/43 43]|url=https://archive.org/details/atlasofarchaeolo0000asto/page/43}}</ref> though still just over half the height of the [[Great Pyramid of Giza]] (146 metres). The second phase also saw the construction of an altar atop of the pyramid which has not survived into modern times.
 
Over the structure, the ancient Teotihuacanos finished their pyramid with lime plaster imported from surrounding areas, on which they painted brilliantly colored murals. While the pyramid has endured for centuries, the paint and plaster have not and are no longer visible. Jaguar heads and paws, stars, and snake rattles are among the few images associated with the pyramids.
 
It is thought that the pyramid venerated a deity within Teotihuacan society. However, little evidence exists to support this hypothesis. The destruction of the temple on top of the pyramid, by both deliberate and natural forces prior to the archaeological study of the site, has so far prevented identification of the pyramid with any particular deity.
 
== Мере структуре, локација и оријентација ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Dimension
! Value
|-
| Height
| {{convert|71.17|m|ft|disp=or}}
|-
| Base perimeter
| {{convert|794.79|sqm|sqft|disp=or}}
|-
| Side
| {{convert|223.48|m|ft|disp=or}}
|-
| 1/2 side
| {{convert|111.74|m|ft|disp=or}}
|-
| Angle of slope
| 32.494 degrees
|-
| Lateral surface area
| {{convert|59213.68|sqm|sqft|disp=or}} (assumes perfect square base and smooth faces)
|-
| Volume
| {{convert|1184828.31|m3|cuft|disp=or}} (assumes perfect square base and smooth faces)
|}
[[File:Teotihuacán - Modell Sonnenpyramide.jpg|thumb|лево|A model of the pyramid]]
The pyramid was built on a carefully selected spot, from where it was possible to align it both to the prominent Cerro Gordo to the north and, in perpendicular directions, to sunrises and sunsets on specific dates, recorded by a number of architectural orientations in Mesoamerica.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Šprajc |first1=Ivan |title=Astronomical alignments at Teotihuacan, Mexico |journal=Latin American Antiquity |date=2000 |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=403–415 |doi=10.2307/972004|jstor=972004 }}</ref> The whole central part of the urban grid of Teotihuacan, including the Avenue of the Dead, reproduces the orientation of the Sun Pyramid, while the southern part exhibits a slightly different orientation, dictated by the Ciudadela.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Šprajc |first1=Ivan |title=Orientaciones astronómicas en la arquitectura prehispánica del centro de México |date=2001 |publisher=Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia |location=Mexico City |isbn=970-18-4180-8}}</ref>
 
The pyramid was built over a man-made tunnel leading to a "cave" located six metres down beneath the centre of the structure. Originally this was believed to be a naturally formed [[lava tube]] and interpreted as possibly the place of [[Chicomoztoc]], the place of human origin according to [[Aztec mythology|Nahua legends]]. More recent excavations have suggested that the space is man-made and could have served as a royal tomb. Recently scientists have used [[muon]] detectors to try to find other chambers within the interior of the pyramid<ref>{{cite journal|author=A. Menchaca-Rocha|display-authors=etal|date=2013|title=Search for cavities in the Teotihuacan Pyramid of the Sun using cosmic muons: preliminary results|journal=Proceedings of Science|volume=X LASNP 012|url=https://pos.sissa.it/194/012/pdf}}</ref>, but substantial looting has prevented the discovery of a function for the chambers in Teotihuacan society.
 
== Пронађени артефакти ==
[[File:Comparison of pyramids.svg|лево|alt=Outlines of various pyramids overlaid on top of on another to show relative height|thumb|upright={{{upright|1.25}}}|lang= |link={{filepath:comparison_of_pyramids_SMIL.svg}}|Comparison of approximate profiles of {{{2|the {{PAGENAME}} with some}}} notable pyramidal or near-pyramidal buildings. Dotted lines indicate original heights, where data are available. In [{{filepath:comparison_of_pyramids_SMIL.svg}} its&nbsp;SVG&nbsp;file,] hover over a pyramid to highlight and click for its article.]]
 
Only a few caches of artifacts have been found in and around the pyramid. [[Obsidian]] arrowheads and human figurines have been discovered inside the pyramid and similar objects have been found at the nearby [[Pyramid of the Moon]] and [[Temple of the Feathered Serpent, Teotihuacan|Pyramid of the Feathered Serpent]] in the Ciudadela. These objects may have represented sacrificial victims. A unique historical artifact discovered near the foot of the pyramid at the end of the nineteenth century was the [[Teotihuacan Ocelot]], which is now in the [[British Museum]]'s collection.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/aoa/c/calcite_onyx_ritual_container.aspx |title=British Museum Highlights |access-date=2017-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018233438/http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/aoa/c/calcite_onyx_ritual_container.aspx |archive-date=2015-10-18 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In addition, burial sites of children have been found in excavations at the corners of the pyramid. It is believed that these burials were part of a sacrificial ritual dedicating the building of the pyramid.
 
{{wide image|Panorama Sun Pyramid Teotihuacan3.jpg|1300px|Panoramic view of the Pyramid of the Sun}}
 
== Референце ==
{{reflist}}
 
== Литература ==
{{Commons category|Pirámide del Sol}}
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|author=Evans, Susan Toby|title=Ancient Mexico and Central America|year= 2004}}
*{{cite news|author=Gwin, Peter|title=Seeing Through Walls|work=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]|date=Feb 2005}}
*{{cite news|author=Šprajc, Ivan |year=2000|title=Astronomical Alignments at Teotihuacan, Mexico|work=Latin American Antiquity|volume= 11 |issue=4|pages=403–415}}
*{{cite news|author=Sugiyama, Saburo|title=Governance and Polity at Classic Teotihuacan|work=Mesoamerican Archaeology|year= 2005}}
*Leibsohn, Dana, and Barbara E. Mundy, “Making Sense of the Pre-Columbian,” ''Vistas: Visual Culture in Spanish America, 1520–1820'' (2015). [https://vistas.ace.fordham.edu/themes/pre-columbian-images-01/ http://www.fordham.edu/vistas]
{{refend}}
 
{{Coord|19.693|N|98.844|W|type:landmark_scale:4000|display=title}}
{{Authority control}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pyramid Of The Sun}}
 
[[Категорија:Пирамиде]]
[[Категорија:Историја Мексика]]
Преузето из „https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Сунчева_пирамида”