Међународни празник рада — разлика између измена
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{{short description|Прослава у међународном радничком покрету 1. маја}}
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'''Међународни празник рада''' или '''Први мај''',
Први мај је проглашен међународним празником рада са намером обележавања сећања на [[демонстрације]] радничког покрета [[1886]]. године, одржане у [[Чикаго|Чикагу]]. Дан рада је један од најраспрострањенијих празника на [[планета|планети]].<ref> Grant, Jordan. "May Day: America's traditional, radical, complicated holiday". The National Museum of American History. Retrieved 2 May 2017.</ref>
Линија 36 ⟶ 38:
[[Датотека:HaymarketRiot-Harpers.jpg|лево|мини|200п|Најраширенија илустрација демонстрација у Чикагу, 1886. године]]
[[Датотека:Red_Carnation_NGM_XXXI_p507.jpg|десно|мини|150п|Црвени каранфил, симбол радничког бунта]]
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On April 21, 1856, Australian [[stonemasons]] in [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] undertook a mass stoppage as part of the [[Eight-hour day|8 hour day]] movement.<ref>https://www.monumentaustralia.org.au/themes/culture/social/display/32235-eight-hour-day-monument</ref> It became a yearly commemoration, inspiring American workers to have their first stoppage.<ref>https://www.jacobinmag.com/2016/05/may-day-rosa-luxemburg-haymarket</ref> 1 May was chosen to be International Workers' Day to commemorate the 1886 [[Haymarket affair]] in [[Chicago]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://time.com/3836834/may-day-labor-history/ |title=The Bloody Story of How May Day Became a Holiday for Workers |last=Rothman |first=Lily |date=1 May 2017 |website=Time |language=en |access-date=18 March 2018}}</ref> In that year beginning on 1 May, there was a general strike for the [[eight-hour day|eight-hour workday]]. On 4 May, the police acted to disperse a public assembly in support of the strike when an unidentified person threw a bomb. The police responded by firing on the workers. The event led to the deaths of seven police officers and at least thirty-eight civilians; sixty police officers were injured, as were one hundred and fifteen civilians.<ref>[http://portal.ugt.org/ugtpordentro/historia1demayo.htm#LOS%20HECHOS] History of May 1st, Workers General Union (UGT)</ref><ref>[http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/571.html] Haymarket and May Day, Encyclopedia of Chicargo</ref> Hundreds of labour leaders and sympathizers were later rounded-up and four were executed by hanging, after a trial that was seen as a miscarriage of justice.<ref name='the bomb'>{{cite web |url=http://www.chicagohistoryresources.org/dramas/act2/act2.htm |title=Act II: Let Your Tragedy Be Enacted Here |accessdate=30 December 2017 |year=2000 |work=The Dramas of Haymarket |publisher=Chicago Historical Society }}</ref><ref name='William Ward, Capt. 3rd Prect report'>{{cite web |url=http://www.chicagohistoryresources.org/hadc/manuscripts/m03/M03.htm#M03P060 |title=Letter from Captain William Ward to Inspector John Bonfield |accessdate=30 December 2017 |last=Ward |first=William |date=24 May 1886 |work=Haymarket Affair Digital Collection |publisher=Chicago Historical Society }}</ref> The following day on 5 May, in [[Milwaukee|Milwaukee, Wisconsin]], the [[Wisconsin National Guard|state militia]] fired on a crowd of strikers killing seven, including a schoolboy and a man feeding chickens in his yard.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wisconsinlaborhistory.org/resources/bay-view|title=Bay View Tragedy|date=6 November 2009|website=Wisconsin Labor History Society|language=en-US|access-date=11 May 2016}}</ref>
In 1889, a meeting in [[Paris]] was held by the [[International Workers Congresses of Paris, 1889|first congress]] of the [[Second International]], following a proposal by [[:fr:Raymond Lavigne (syndicaliste)|Raymond Lavigne]] that called for international demonstrations on the 1890 anniversary of the Chicago protests.<ref name=Foner>{{cite book |last=Foner |first=Philip S. |authorlink=Philip S. Foner |title= May Day: A Short History of the International Workers' Holiday, 1886–1986 |url=https://archive.org/details/maydayshorthisto0000fone |url-access=registration |year=1986 |publisher=International Publishers |location=New York |isbn=978-0-7178-0624-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/maydayshorthisto0000fone/page/41 41–43] }}</ref> May Day was formally recognized as an annual event at the International's [[International Socialist Labor Congress of Brussels, 1891|second congress]] in 1891. Subsequently, the [[May Day riots of 1894]] occurred. The [[International Socialist Congress, Amsterdam 1904]] called on "all [[social democracy|Social Democratic]] Party organisations and [[trade union]]s of all countries to demonstrate energetically on the First of May for the legal establishment of the 8-hour day, for the class demands of the proletariat, and for universal peace."<ref name=Lunacharsky /> The congress made it "mandatory upon the [[proletarian]] organisations of all countries to stop work on 1 May, wherever it is possible without injury to the workers."<ref name=Lunacharsky>''From the diary of [[Anatoly Lunacharsky|Anatoly Vasilyevich Lunacharsky]]; 1 May 1918; Petrograd''</ref>
In the United States and Canada, a September holiday, called [[Labour Day|Labor]] or [[Labour Day]], was first proposed in the 1880s. In 1882, [[Matthew Maguire (labor activist)|Matthew Maguire]], a [[machinist]], first proposed a Labor Day holiday on the first Monday of September{{refn|group=nb|"In 1884 the first Monday in September was selected as the holiday, as originally proposed"<ref name="labordept">{{cite web |url= http://www.dol.gov/opa/aboutdol/laborday.htm |title= United States Department of Labor: The History of Labor Day |accessdate= 2 September 2011 |url-status= dead |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110903051707/http://www.dol.gov/opa/aboutdol/laborday.htm |archivedate= 3 September 2011 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>}} while serving as secretary of the [[Central Labor Union]] (CLU) of New York.<ref name="labordept" /> Others argue that it was first proposed by [[Peter J. McGuire]] of the [[American Federation of Labor]] in May 1882,<ref name="Bridgemens1921">{{cite book|title=The Bridgemen's magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bIFIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA443|accessdate=4 September 2011|year=1921|publisher=International Association of Bridge. Structural and Ornamental Iron Workers|pages=443–44}}</ref> after witnessing the annual [[Labour Day#Canada (country)|labour festival]] held in [[Toronto]], [[Canada]].<ref name="origins">{{cite web|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/origins-of-labour-day-feature/ |title=The Canadian Encyclopedia: Origins of Labour Day|accessdate=5 September 2011}}</ref> In 1887, [[Oregon]] was the first state of the United States to make it an official [[public holiday]]. By the time it became an official [[federal holiday]] in 1894, thirty [[US state]]s officially celebrated Labor Day.<ref name="Bridgemens1921" /> Thus by 1887 in North America, Labour Day was an established, official holiday but in September,<ref name="Knights of Labor">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930082656/http://progressivehistorians.com/showDiary.do?diaryId=2041 Knights of Labor]. Progressive Historians (3 September 2007).</ref> not on 1 May.
Као сећање на велике радничке демонстрације које су се одржале у Чикагу, [[мај]]а 1886. године, 1. мај је изабран као датум када се широм света обележава Међународни празник рада.<ref> Foner, Philip S. (1986). May Day: A Short History of the International Workers' Holiday, 1886–1986. {{page1|location= New York|publisher=International Publishers|year=|isbn=978-0-7178-0624-9|pages=41-43}}</ref>
Линија 64 ⟶ 72:
На простору [[Западни Балкан|Западног Балкана]] обележавање Првог маја више се веже уз гозбу и славље у природи, а мање се веже за историјско сећање на достигнућа светског радничког покрета, демонстрације и борбу за радна права, те је због тога потребно указивати на важност овог дана, његовог значења и његове сврхе.
== Напомене ==
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== Извори ==
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== Литература ==
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* {{cite book |last=Foner |first=Philip Sheldon |title=May day: a short history of the international workers' holiday, 1886–1986 |url=https://archive.org/details/maydayshorthisto0000fone |url-access=registration |publisher=International Publishers |location=New York |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-7178-0624-9 |ref=harv}}
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== Спољашње везе ==
{{Commonscat|May Day|International Workers' Day}}
* -{[https://web.archive.org/web/20111120211738/http://www.oxfordcityguide.com/MayDay2006.html May Day in Oxford 2006 - Oxford City Guide]}-
* -{[http://www.marxists.org/subject/mayday/index.htm May Day Archive] at the [[Marxists Internet Archive]]}-
* -{[http://comtourist.com/history/lenin-mausoleum/photos-lenin-mausoleum/page/7/ Photos of May Day in Red Square during the Soviet Union]}-
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