Историја математике — разлика између измена
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{{short description|Аспект историје}}{{rut}}
[[File:Euclid-proof.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.5|Доказ из ''[[Euclid's Elements||Еуклидових елемената]]'' (око 300. пне), који се нашироко сматра најутицајнијим уџбеником свих времена.<ref name="Boyer 1991 loc=Euclid of Alexandria p. 119">{{Harv|Boyer|1991|loc="Euclid of Alexandria" p. 119}}</ref>]]
[[File:Arabic numerals-en.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|right|Табела бројева ]]
The area of study known as the '''history of mathematics''' is primarily an investigation into the origin of discoveries in [[mathematics]] and, to a lesser extent, an investigation into the [[History of mathematical notation|mathematical methods and notation of the past]]. Before the [[modern age]] and the worldwide spread of knowledge, written examples of new mathematical developments have come to light only in a few locales. From 3000 BC the [[Mesopotamian]] states of [[Sumer]], [[Akkad (region)|Akkad]] and [[Assyria]], followed closely by [[Ancient Egypt]] and the Levantine state of [[Ebla]] began using [[arithmetic]], [[algebra]] and [[geometry]] for purposes of taxation, commerce, trade and also in the [[patterns in nature]], the field of [[astronomy]] and to record time and formulate [[calendars]].
Тешко је са сигурношћу тврдити када је и шта је почетак '''математике'''. Највероватније је да је то бројање. Оно што са сигурношћу можемо тврдити, на основу археолошких ископавања, је да у Египту и Месопотамији имамо прве писане податке нечега што можемо подвести под математичке списе. У Египту (види [[староегипатска математика]]) су то листови [[папирус]]а ([[Ахмесов папирус|Рајндов папирус]]) а у [[Месопотамија|Месопотамији]] глинене плочице.<ref>J. Friberg, "Methods and traditions of Babylonian mathematics. Plimpton 322, Pythagorean triples, and the Babylonian triangle parameter equations", Historia Mathematica, 8, 1981, pp. 277–318.</ref><ref>{{Cite book | edition = 2 | publisher = [[Dover Publications]] | last = Neugebauer | first = Otto | author-link = Otto E. Neugebauer | title = The Exact Sciences in Antiquity | journal = Acta Historica Scientiarum Naturalium et Medicinalium | orig-year = 1957 | year = 1969 | volume = 9 | pages = 1–191 | pmid = 14884919 | isbn = 978-0-486-22332-2 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JVhTtVA2zr8C}} Chap. IV "Egyptian Mathematics and Astronomy", pp. 71–96.</ref>
Египћани и Стари [[Сумер]]и су [[Математика|математику]] развијали за практичне потребе, највише за премеравање земље после изливања Нила, градњу канала, положај звезда, грађевинарство, итд. Треба напоменути да су [[Стари Египат|Египћани]] знали за [[Питагорина теорема|Питагорину теорему]], али не у њеном облику ''-{c² = a² + b²}-'' већ као одређене једнакости.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Heath|title=A Manual of Greek Mathematics|journal=Nature|volume=128|issue=3235|page=5|bibcode=1931Natur.128..739T|year=1931|doi=10.1038/128739a0|s2cid=3994109}}</ref> Примера ради ако су имали правоугли троугао са катетама 3 и 4 знали су да је [[хипотенуза]] 5, овај троугао се и данас назива ''египатски троугао''.
Потом развој математике преузимају [[Античка Грчка|Стари Грци]], који математици дају нову димензију односно почиње развој апстрактне математике, тј. математике која нема директну практичну примену.<ref>Sir Thomas L. Heath, ''A Manual of Greek Mathematics'', Dover, 1963, p. 1: "In the case of mathematics, it is the Greek contribution which it is most essential to know, for it was the Greeks who first made mathematics a science."</ref> Они су први засновали аксиоматски приступ математици. Грци се највише баве геометријом, али и [[Алгебра|алгебром]]. За Грке је математика основа свега, па је тако на улазу у [[Платонова академија|Академију]] стајао натпис: „Нека не улази онај који не зна геометрију“. [[Еуклидови Елементи|Еуклидови „Елементи“]] је књига која је представљала најбољи уџбеник из области геометрије све до краја 19. века и [[Давид Хилберт|Хилберта]]. [[Геометрија]] је после Хеленистичког периода таворила све до [[Николај Лобачевски|Лобачевског]].
Исто тако постојала је математика и у [[Кина|Кини]]<ref>George Gheverghese Joseph, ''The Crest of the Peacock: Non-European Roots of Mathematics'', Penguin Books, London, 1991, pp. 140–48</ref><ref>Georges Ifrah, ''Universalgeschichte der Zahlen'', Campus, Frankfurt/New York, 1986, pp. 428–37</ref> и [[Индија|Индији]].<ref>Robert Kaplan, "The Nothing That Is: A Natural History of Zero", Allen Lane/The Penguin Press, London, 1999</ref><ref>"The ingenious method of expressing every possible number using a set of ten symbols (each symbol having a place value and an absolute value) emerged in India. The idea seems so simple nowadays that its significance and profound importance is no longer appreciated. Its simplicity lies in the way it facilitated calculation and placed arithmetic foremost amongst useful inventions. the importance of this invention is more readily appreciated when one considers that it was beyond the two greatest men of Antiquity, Archimedes and Apollonius." – Pierre Simon Laplace http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/HistTopics/Indian_numerals.html</ref> Бројеви којима данас пишемо су дошли до Европе из Индије захваљујући [[Арапи]]ма.<ref>[[Adolf Yushkevich|A.P. Juschkewitsch]], "Geschichte der Mathematik im Mittelalter", Teubner, Leipzig, 1964</ref> У средњем веку долази до престанка бављења математиком у хришћанском свету, па тако [[Јустинијан I]] забрањује рад ''Академији''. Истовремено долази до процвата арапске математике. Почетком [[Ренесанса|ренесансе]] и математика оживљава у Европи.
== Референце ==
{{Reflist|}}
== Литература ==
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* [[David M. Burton|Burton, David M.]] ''The History of Mathematics: An Introduction''. McGraw Hill: 1997.
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* [[Morris Kline|Kline, Morris.]] ''Mathematical Thought from Ancient to Modern Times''.
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* {{cite conference | last=Høyrup | first=Jens | contribution=Pythagorean ‘Rule’ and ‘Theorem’ – Mirror of the Relation Between Babylonian and Greek Mathematics | pages=393–407 | editor-last=Renger | editor-first=Johannes | title=Babylon: Focus mesopotamischer Geschichte, Wiege früher Gelehrsamkeit, Mythos in der Moderne. 2. Internationales Colloquium der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft 24.–26. März 1998 in Berlin | publisher=Berlin: Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft / Saarbrücken: SDV Saarbrücker Druckerei und Verlag | url=http://akira.ruc.dk/~jensh/Publications/Pythrule.pdf}}
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* {{cite journal | url = http://aleph0.clarku.edu/~djoyce/mathhist/plimpnote.html | title = Plimpton 322 | last = Joyce |first=David E. | year = 1995 }}
* {{cite web |last1=O'Connor |first1=J. J. |last2=Robertson |first2=E. F. |url=http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/Babylonian_mathematics.html |title=An overview of Babylonian mathematics |work=MacTutor History of Mathematics |date=December 2000 }}
* {{cite journal
| author = Robson, Eleanor | author-link = Eleanor Robson
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| volume = 28
| issue = 3
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| doi = 10.1006/hmat.2001.2317
| mr = 1849797
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* {{cite journal |author-link=Eleanor Robson |last=Robson |first=E. |title=Words and pictures: New light on Plimpton 322 |journal=[[American Mathematical Monthly]] |location=Washington |year=2002 |volume=109 |issue=2 |pages=105–120 |jstor=2695324 |doi=10.1080/00029890.2002.11919845 |s2cid=33907668 }}
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* {{cite book |author-link=G. J. Toomer |last=Toomer |first=G. J. |title=Hipparchus and Babylonian Astronomy |year=1981 }}
{{refend}}
== Спољашње везе ==
{{Commonscat|History of mathematics}}
{{refbegin|30em}}
* [http://www.rts.rs/page/magazine/ci/story/2520/nauka/2284975/rana-matematika.html Рана математика (РТС, 16. април 2016)]
* [[BBC]] (2008). ''[[The Story of Maths]]''.
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p003k9hq Renaissance Mathematics], BBC Radio 4 discussion with Robert Kaplan, Jim Bennett & Jackie Stedall (''In Our Time'', Jun 2, 2005)
=== Образовни материјал ===
* [http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/ MacTutor History of Mathematics archive] (John J. O'Connor and Edmund F. Robertson; University of St Andrews, Scotland). An award-winning website containing detailed biographies on many historical and contemporary mathematicians, as well as information on notable curves and various topics in the history of mathematics.
* [http://aleph0.clarku.edu/~djoyce/mathhist/ History of Mathematics Home Page] (David E. Joyce; Clark University). Articles on various topics in the history of mathematics with an extensive bibliography.
* [http://www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/HistMath/ The History of Mathematics] (David R. Wilkins; Trinity College, Dublin). Collections of material on the mathematics between the 17th and 19th century.
* [http://jeff560.tripod.com/mathword.html Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics] (Jeff Miller). Contains information on the earliest known uses of terms used in mathematics.
* [http://jeff560.tripod.com/mathsym.html Earliest Uses of Various Mathematical Symbols] (Jeff Miller). Contains information on the history of mathematical notations.
* [http://www.economics.soton.ac.uk/staff/aldrich/Mathematical%20Words.htm Mathematical Words: Origins and Sources] (John Aldrich, University of Southampton) Discusses the origins of the modern mathematical word stock.
* [http://www.agnesscott.edu/lriddle/women/women.htm Biographies of Women Mathematicians] (Larry Riddle; Agnes Scott College).
* [http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/ Mathematicians of the African Diaspora] (Scott W. Williams; University at Buffalo).
* [http://fredrickey.info/hm/mini/MinicourseDocuments-09.pdf Notes for MAA minicourse: teaching a course in the history of mathematics. (2009)] ([[V. Frederick Rickey]] & [[Victor J. Katz]]).
=== Библиографије ===
* [http://mathematics.library.cornell.edu/additional/Collected-Works-of-Mathematicians A Bibliography of Collected Works and Correspondence of Mathematicians] [https://web.archive.org/web/20070317034718/http://astech.library.cornell.edu/ast/math/find/Collected-Works-of-Mathematicians.cfm archive dated 2007/3/17] (Steven W. Rockey; Cornell University Library).
=== Организације ===
* [http://www.unizar.es/ichm/ International Commission for the History of Mathematics]
=== Часописи ===
* ''[[Historia Mathematica]]''
* [http://www.maa.org/press/periodicals/convergence Convergence], the [[Mathematical Association of America]]'s online ''Math History'' Magazine
* [http://archives.math.utk.edu/topics/history.html History of Mathematics] Math Archives (University of Tennessee, Knoxville)
* [http://mathforum.org/library/topics/history/ History/Biography] The Math Forum (Drexel University)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20020716102307/http://www.otterbein.edu/resources/library/libpages/subject/mathhis.htm History of Mathematics] (Courtright Memorial Library).
* [http://homepages.bw.edu/~dcalvis/history.html History of Mathematics Web Sites] (David Calvis; Baldwin-Wallace College)
* {{curlie|Science/Math/History|History of mathematics}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030219004407/http://webpages.ull.es/users/jbarrios/hm/ Historia de las Matemáticas] (Universidad de La La guna)
* [http://www.mat.uc.pt/~jaimecs/indexhm.html História da Matemática] (Universidade de Coimbra)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110707053917/http://math.illinoisstate.edu/marshall Using History in Math Class]
* [http://mathres.kevius.com/history.html Mathematical Resources: History of Mathematics] (Bruno Kevius)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080615051823/http://www.dm.unipi.it/~tucci/index.html History of Mathematics] (Roberta Tucci)
{{refend}}
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