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== Референце ==
{{Извори}}
== Medical service in Serbia until the First World War ==
=== Origin and development of the medical service in Serbia ===
The development of modern medicine in Serbia, which was only officially liberated from the Turks in 1830 (although it received the legal status of a vassal principality in the Ottoman Empire in 1830, with the right to keep a small army and organize official state administration bodies), is relatively slow, in line with the modest material and political capabilities of the newly restored Serbian state. In Serbia, military medical care was organized only in 1835, when the military guardian (minister) was given the task of taking care of the health of soldiers. The first military hospital (soldier's hospital) was formed in Belgrade in 1837, and according to the Constitution from 1838, a doctor was introduced into the official department of the General Staff of the Serbian Army. In 1862, a military ambulance was formed within the Administrative Department of the Ministry of War. The Law on the Organization of the Ministry of War from 1864 also regulated many issues of the Sanitary Service: hospitals were divided into permanent and temporary, stacks of hospital supplies and medicines were provided, and doctors, surgeons and pharmacists were provided within the medical service. Military doctors and pharmacists were promoted to the rank of officer in 1875. [1]
=== Serbian-Turkish (1876-1878) and Serbian-Bulgarian war (1885) ===
Before the Serbian-Turkish war in 1876, a Sanitary Department was formed within the Economic Department of the Ministry of War, and medical departments in the brigades and divisions of the People's Army; in addition, several Polish hospitals were established. [1]
In the war of 1876, Serbia had 19 military doctors, 5 medical assistants, a military pharmacist, 4 pharmacy assistants and the necessary medical personnel. The divisions had a bandage, and the corps had 3 Polish hospitals each. During 1877, medical departments, 2-6 field hospitals (18 in total) and a corps medical depot were formed in the corps. In larger places in Serbia, 23 reserve and 3 permanent hospitals have been formed. [1]
According to the Law on the Organization of the Army from 1883, the medical service gained autonomy: a special medical department was formed within the Ministry of War, and medical officers were introduced in the divisional headquarters. In order to further develop the medical service in the army, a medical military committee was formed in 1884. [1]
In the Serbian-Bulgarian war of 1885, the divisions had a medical department and one medical company each, with a total of 5 doctors, a pharmacist, a commissioner (intendant) and 80-100 paramedics. Each division also had a special hospital with 200 beds, which was served by 3 doctors, 2 assistants, two pharmacists, a treasurer, three ambulances (with a horse-drawn carriage) and a large number of mobilized peasant carts for the evacuation of the wounded. [1]
==== Medical ships ====
Preserved documents from the 15th century show that despot Đurađ Branković (1427-1456) had light boats (šajke) on the Danube for transporting and caring for the wounded to the hospital in Smederevo. During the Serbian-Turkish wars of 1876-1878. the river motor ship Deligrad was adapted for the transport of lightly wounded of the Serbian army, and stretchers with holders for the transport of severely wounded were mounted on barge number 4. [2]
=== Balkan Wars (1912-1913) ===
Before the Balkan war, surgical departments were opened in divisional hospitals in Belgrade, Nis, Kragujevac, Valjevo and Zajecar. In the Balkan wars, the medical service of the Serbian army was organized on the model of the Russian and Austro-Hungarian war ambulance, [1] but the personnel and material possibilities of Serbia did not allow any system to be fully implemented. Of the medical staff, the regiments had 1-2 doctors, 56 paramedics (from the divisional company), and another 64 soldiers assisted in retrieving and carrying the wounded. The divisions had a medical company (with 4 doctors, one pharmacist, one medic and 450 paramedics, of which 56 were sent to each regiment) and 4 field hospitals equipped for 100 wounded and one tent for 14-16 beds. Battalion horse-drawn two-wheelers, large two-axle wounded carts from the divisional medical column, and often peasant carts were used to evacuate the wounded. For the first time in Serbia, ambulance trains were also used, with special wagons for operations and changing. However, the hygienic-epidemiological service was neglected, and the personal hygiene of the soldiers was weak, and dysentery, typhoid fever and malaria were frequent. More than 5,000 Serbian soldiers died of cholera alone in 1913. [3]
==== Ambulance trains ====
Ambulance trains, equipped to evacuate and treat the wounded and sick, with medical staff and special ambulances with a pharmacy, kitchen and sickbeds, were first used in the Crimean War (1853-1856) and the American Civil War (1861-1865). Their use in Europe began in 1866 in Germany (the Austro-Prussian War of 1866), in 1870 in France (the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871), and in 1876 in Russia (the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878). The capacity of the ambulance train was 15-20 wagons, with 18 beds or 58-75 seats per wagon. The Serbian army first used ambulance trains in the First Balkan War (1912) - it had two ambulance trains on the Belgrade-Ristovac line and one on the Stalac-Uzice line. Of the staff, the ambulance train had a doctor-medical officer (also the train commander), a medical assistant, a pharmacist, a non-commissioned officer and 24 paramedics. The train could receive about 200-400 sitting and 180-200 lying wounded and sick. In October 1914, two more ambulance trains were formed.
=== Education of medical staff ===
In the second half of the 19th century, medical schools were established in Europe for the education and training of active and reserve officers and non-commissioned officers of the medical service. In Serbia, the first Military Medical School was organized in 1901 to prepare secondary medical personnel. Young men aged 15-19 from the 4th grade of high school or high school were accepted. The schooling lasted 3 years. It stopped working at the beginning of the First Balkan War in 1912. In addition, following the French model, the Serbian army organized courses for the bearers of the wounded, and military hygiene courses for training doctors to work in recruitment commissions and to combat malaria.
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