Кмерски језик — разлика између измена
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{{short description|Аустроазијски језик }}{{рут}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Кмерски језик
| altname = Cambodian
| nativename = {{lang|km|ភាសាខ្មែរ}}, {{transl|km|Phiasa Khmae}}<br />{{lang|km|ខេមរភាសា}}, {{transl|km|Khemarak Phiasa}}
| image = PhiesaKhmae.svg
| imagecaption = ''Phéasa Khmêr'' ("Khmer language") written in Khmer script
| pronunciation = {{IPA-km|pʰiəsaː kʰmae|}}<br />{{IPA-km|kʰeːmarapʰiəsaː|}}
| states = [[Cambodia]]<br />[[Thailand]] ([[Eastern Thailand|East]] and [[Northeastern Thailand|Northeast]])<br />[[Vietnam]] ([[Mekong Delta]])
| ethnicity = [[Khmer people|Khmers]]
| speakers = {{sigfig|15.8|2}} million
| date = 2007
| ref = ne2007
| familycolor = Аустроазијски
| fam1 = [[Аустроазијски језици|Аустроазијски]]
| fam2 = Кмерски
| ancestor = [[Proto-Khmeric language|Proto-Khmeric]]
| ancestor2 = [[Old Khmer]]
| ancestor3 = [[Middle Khmer]]
| script = [[Кмерско писмо]]<br />[[Khmer Braille]]
| nation = {{flag|Камбоџа}}
----
{{flag|ASEAN}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asean.org/asean/asean-member-states|title=Languages of ASEAN|access-date=7 August 2017}}</ref><br/>
| minority = {{Flag|Thailand}}<br />{{Flag|Vietnam}}
| iso1 = km
| iso1comment = Central Khmer
| iso2 = khm
| iso2comment = Central Khmer
| lc1 = khm
| ld1 = Khmer
| lc2 = kxm
| ld2 = [[Northern Khmer dialect|Northern Khmer]]
| lingua = 46-FBA-a
| glotto = khme1253
| glottoname = Khmeric
| glotto2 = cent1989
| glottoname2 = Central Khmer
| map2 = Austroasiatic-en.svg
| mapcaption2 = {{legend|#61FFBD|Khmer}}
}}
'''Кмерски језик''' (ភាសាខ្មែរ)<ref>Laurie Bauer, 2007, ''The Linguistics Student’s Handbook'', Edinburgh</ref> је званични језик [[Камбоџа|Камбоџе]]. То је језик народа [[Кмери|Кмер]], најбројније етничке заједнице у земљи. Овај се језик убраја у [[Аустроазијски језици|аустроазијску језичку породицу]]. Са суседним [[Тајландски језик|таи]], [[Лаоски језик|лао]] и [[Вијетнамски језик|вијетнамским језиком]],<ref name ="cl">{{cite book|title=Cambodian Linguistics, Literature and History: Collected Articles |author= [[David A. Smyth]], Judith Margaret Jacob|year=1993|publisher=Routledge (UK)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fRyungEACAAJ|isbn=978-0-7286-0218-2}}</ref> кмерски језик сачињава језички савез. За разлику од њих, кмерски нема [[мелодијски акценат]]. Најранији записи кмерског језика потичу из 6-7. века нове ере. Преко будизма и хиндуизма, [[санскрит]] је утицао на кмерски језик. Кмерски језик се записује сопственим, [[Кмерско писмо|кмерским писмом]], које је слично [[Тајландско писмо|таи]] и [[Лао писмо|лао писму]]. Кмерским језиком се служи око 13-21 милион људи. Око 79% становништва у Камбоџи може да чита кмерско писмо.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hul|first1=Reaksmey|last2=Woods|first2=Ben|title=Campaign Aims to Boost Adult Literacy|url=https://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/campaign-aims-to-boost-adult-literacy-78943/|access-date=7 February 2016|work=The Cambodia Daily|date=3 March 2015}}</ref>
== Класификација ==
Khmer is a member of the [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] language family, the autochthonous family in an area that stretches from the Malay Peninsula through Southeast Asia to East India.<ref name=DiffZide>Diffloth, Gerard & Zide, Norman. [http://emile.uni-graz.at/pub/05s/2005-05-0219.PDF ''Austroasiatic Languages''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425153023/http://emile.uni-graz.at/pub/05s/2005-05-0219.PDF |date=2012-04-25 }}.</ref> Austroasiatic, which also includes [[Mon language|Mon]], [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] and [[Munda language|Munda]], has been studied since 1856 and was first proposed as a language family in 1907.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thomas |first1=David |year=1964 |title=A survey of Austroasiatic and Mon-Khmer comparative studies |journal=The Mon-Khmer Studies Journal |volume=1 |pages=149–163 |url=http://www.mksjournal.org/ |access-date=19 June 2012 }}</ref> Despite the amount of research, there is still doubt about the internal relationship of the languages of Austroasiatic.<ref name=SidwellNew>Sidwell, Paul (2009a). [http://www.jolr.ru/files/%2851%29jlr2010-4%28117-134%29.pdf The Austroasiatic Central Riverine Hypothesis]. Keynote address, SEALS, XIX.</ref>
Diffloth places Khmer in an eastern branch of the [[Mon-Khmer languages]].<ref name=Diffloth05>Diffloth, Gérard (2005). "The contribution of linguistic palaeontology and Austroasiatic". in Laurent Sagart, Roger Blench and Alicia Sanchez-Mazas, eds. ''The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics.'' 77–80. London: Routledge Curzon.</ref> In these classification schemes Khmer's closest genetic relatives are the [[Bahnaric languages|Bahnaric]] and [[Pearic languages]].<ref name="Shorto">Shorto, Harry L. edited by Sidwell, Paul, Cooper, Doug and Bauer, Christian (2006). ''A Mon–Khmer comparative dictionary''. Canberra: Australian National University. Pacific Linguistics. {{ISBN|0-85883-570-3}}</ref> More recent classifications doubt the validity of the Mon-Khmer sub-grouping and place the Khmer language as its own branch of Austroasiatic equidistant from the other 12 branches of the family.<ref name=SidwellNew />
== Особине ==
Линија 51 ⟶ 73:
<small>Напомена: изговор је означен по [[Међународна фонетска абецеда|IPA]].</small>
== Референце ==
{{Reflist}}
== Литература ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
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* {{cite book|last1=Diffloth|first1=Gérard|authorlink1=Gérard Diffloth|title=A History of the Khmer Language|date=1990|publisher=Unpublished manuscript|location=Cornell University Library, Ithaca, NY}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Headley|first1=Robert K|title=Cham evidence for Khmer sound changes|journal=Papers in Southeast Asian Linguistics|date=1998|volume=15|pages=21–29|url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/headley1998cham.pdf|access-date=9 January 2016}}
* {{cite book|last1=Jacob|first1=Judith M|title=Introduction to Cambodian|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoca0000jaco|url-access=registration|date=1968|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=London|isbn=978-0197135563}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Jacob|first1=Judith M|title=An Examination of the Vowels and final Consonants in Correspondences between pre-Angkor and modern Khmer|journal=Pacific Linguistics|date=1976|volume=42|issue=19|pages=19–38|url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/jacob1976examination.pdf|access-date=3 January 2016}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Lewitz|first1=Saveros|title=La toponymie khmère|journal=Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient|date=1967|volume=53|issue=2|pages=375–451|language=French|doi=10.3406/befeo.1967.5052}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Jenner|first1=Philip N|title=The Development of the Registers in Standard Khmer|journal=Canberra: PL|date=1974|volume=31|pages=47–60|url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/jenner1974development.pdf|access-date=6 January 2016}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Jenner|first1=Philip N|title=The final liquids of middle Khmer|journal=STUF - Language Typology and Universals|date=1975|volume=28|issue=1–6|pages=599–609|doi=10.1524/stuf.1975.28.16.599|s2cid=131639485}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Jenner|first1=Philip N|title=The Relative Dating of Some Khmer CPĀ'PA*|journal=Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications|date=1976|issue=13|pages=693–710|jstor=20019179}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Keat|editor1-first=Gin Ooi|title=Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Volume 1|date=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1576077702|edition=illustrated|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&q=In+1717+a+Siamese+fleet|access-date=31 January 2016}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Sidwell|first1=Paul|authorlink1=Paul Sidwell|title=Classifying the Austroasiatic languages: history and state of the art|date=2009|volume=76|url=https://www.academia.edu/1540105|access-date=3 January 2016|publisher=Lincom Europa}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Vickery|first1=Michael|title=Loan words and devoicing in Khmer|journal=Mon Khmer Studies|date=1992|volume=18|pages=240–250|url=http://www.lc.mahidol.ac.th/2015/documents/About-MonKhmer/18-19/vickery1989-1990loan.pdf|access-date=12 January 2016}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Vickery|first1=Michael|authorlink1=Michael Vickery|title=Funan reviewed: Deconstructing the ancients|journal=Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient|date=2003|volume=90|issue=1|pages=101–143|doi=10.3406/befeo.2003.3609|url=http://www.persee.fr/doc/befeo_0336-1519_2003_num_90_1_3609}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Wayland|first1=Ratree|last2=Jongman|first2=Allard|title=Chanthaburi Khmer vowels: phonetic and phonemic analyses|journal=Mon-Khmer Studies|date=2001|volume=31|pages=65–82|url=http://sealang.net/archives/mks/pdf/31:65-82.pdf|access-date=14 January 2016}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Wayland|first1=Ratree|last2=Jongman|first2=Allard|title=Registrogenesis in Khmer: A Phonetic Account|journal=Mon-Khmer Studies|date=2002|volume=32|pages=101–114|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/30367936|access-date=3 January 2016}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Bauer|first1=Christian|title=Recovering extracted infixes in Middle Khmer|journal=Mon-Khmer Studies|date=1989|volume=15|issue=155–164|url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/bauer1986recovering.pdf}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Jacob|first1=Judith M|title=Notes on the numerals and numeral coefficients in Old, Middle and Modern Khmer|journal=Lingua|date=1965|volume=15|pages=143–162|url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/jacob1993notes.pdf|doi=10.1016/0024-3841(65)90011-2}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Jacob|first1=Judith M|title=Affixation in Middle Khmer with Old and Modern Comparisons|journal=Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications|date=1976|pages=591–623|url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/jacob1976affixation.pdf}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Jenner|first1=Philip N|title=The value of 'au' and 'ai' in Middle Khmer|journal=Southeast Asian Linguistic Studies|date=1974|volume=1|pages=157–173|url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/jenner1974value.pdf}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Jenner|first1=Philip N|title=The value of i, ī, u and ū in Middle Khmer|journal=Mon-Khmer Studies|date=1977|volume=5|pages=101–133|url=http://geolangs.org/archives/mks/pdf/5:101-133.pdf}}
* [[Marc Miyake|Miyake, Marc]]. 2012. [http://www.amritas.com/120526.htm#05232351 Khmer ''Cʔ''-lusters].
{{refend}}
== Спољашње везе ==
Линија 58 ⟶ 150:
* [http://www.sihanoukville-cambodia.com/about-sihanoukville/language.html Увод у кмерски језик]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080516011458/http://www.usofttechnology.com.kh/dictionaries/default.aspx енглеско-кмерско-енглески речник]
* [http://kheng.info/ Kheng.info]—An online audio dictionary for learning Khmer, with thousands of native speaker recordings and [http://kheng.info/word_segmentation/ text segmentation software].
* [http://sealang.net/mk/khmeric.htm SEAlang Project: Mon–Khmer languages. The Khmeric Branch]
* [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Khmer_Swadesh_list Khmer Swadesh vocabulary list] (from Wiktionary's [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists Swadesh-list appendix])
* [https://code.google.com/p/khmer-dictionary-tools/ Dictionary and SpellChecker] open sourced and collaborative project based on [[Chuon Nath]] Khmer Dictionary
* [http://www.sbbic.org/lang/en-us/2010/07/15/how-to-install-khmer-unicode-on-windows-7/ How to install Khmer script on a Windows 7 computer]
* [http://www.sbbic.org/lang/en-us/2010/03/27/how-to-install-khmer-unicode-on-your-windows-xp-computer How to install Khmer script on a Windows XP computer]
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20101230070221/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?menu=004&LangID=75 Khmer]'' at [https://web.archive.org/web/20060720065425/http://www.pavelicpapers.com/documents/odpor/index.html UCLA Language Materials project]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110821053921/http://dict.ant.com.kh/dictionaries/ Online Khmer & English dictionary]
* [http://dictionary.tovnah.com/ Khmer Online Dictionaries]
* [[wikiotics:km/Khmer lessons|Khmer audio lessons at Wikiotics]]
{{Authority control}}
[[Категорија:Аустроазијски језици]]
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