Стокхолмски синдром — разлика између измена
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{{Short description|Психолошко стање}}{{рут}}
[[File:Former Kreditbanken Norrmalmstorg Stockholm Sweden.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Former [[Kreditbanken]] building in [[Stockholm]], Sweden, the location of the 1973 [[Norrmalmstorg robbery]] (photographed in 2005)]]
'''Стокхолмски синдром''' је назив [[Психологија|психолошког]] стања које настаје у ситуацијама у којима долази до зближавања отмичара и талаца.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jameson|first=Celia |year=2010|title=The Short Step From Love to Hypnosis: A Reconsideration of the Stockholm Syndrome|journal=Journal for Cultural Research|volume=14|issue=4 |pages=337–355|doi=10.1080/14797581003765309|s2cid=144260301 }}</ref> Зближавању отмичара и њихових жртава доприноси време проведено у таквој ситуацији; што више времена протекне, већа је могућност стварања стокхолмског синдрома, а с тим и мања вероватноћа повређивања талаца. Такође, зближавању могу да доприносе величина просторије у којој се заједно налазе отмичар и талац, испуњавање захтева којима су власти изашле у сусрет, сличност политичких ставова итд. Стокхолмски синдром не настаје у ситуацијама када су таоци изоловани, када немају контакт са отмичарима, или када има насилничког понашања од стране отмичара према таоцима или другим лицима.
Stockholm Syndrome results from a rather specific set of circumstances, namely the power imbalances contained in hostage-taking, kidnapping, and abusive relationships. Therefore, it is difficult to find a large number of people who experience Stockholm Syndrome to conduct studies with any sort of power. This makes it hard to determine trends in the development and effects of the condition.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=The Relationship Between Stockholm Syndrome and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Battered Women - Inquiries Journal|url=http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/amp/35/the-relationship-between-stockholm-syndrome-and-post-traumatic-stress-disorder-in-battered-women|access-date=2021-09-13|website=www.inquiriesjournal.com}}</ref>
Emotional bonds may be formed between captors and captives, during intimate time together, but these are generally considered irrational in light of the danger or risk endured by the victims. Stockholm syndrome has never been included in the [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]] or DSM, the standard tool for diagnosis of psychiatric illnesses and disorders in the [[United States|US]], mainly due to the lack of a consistent body of academic research.<ref name="Adorjan_2012" /><ref name="Prepscholar">{{Cite web|title=What Is Stockholm Syndrome? Is It Real?|url=https://blog.prepscholar.com/what-is-stockholm-syndrome-examples-symptoms|last=Robinson|first=Ashley|date=28 February 2019|website=PrepScholar}}</ref><ref name="DSM-5" /><ref name = "McKenzie_2004">{{cite journal | last = McKenzie | first = Ian K. | title = The Stockholm Syndrome Revisited | journal = Journal of Police Crisis Negotiations | date = 23 February 2004 | volume = 4 | issue = 1 | pages = 5–21 | doi = 10.1300/J173v04n01_02 }}</ref> The syndrome is rare: according to data from the [[FBI]], about 5% of hostage victims show evidence of Stockholm syndrome.<ref name="FBI-1999">{{cite journal|last=Fuselier|first=G. Dwayne|date=July 1999|title=Placing the Stockholm Syndrome in Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OPTvgIUIEyAC&q=rises+to+95+percent|journal=[[FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin]]|volume=68|pages=23|issn=0014-5688|via=Google Books }}</ref>
This term was first used by the media in 1973 when four hostages were taken during [[Norrmalmstorg robbery|a bank robbery]] in [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]]. The hostages defended [[Jan-Erik Olsson|their captors]] after being released and would not agree to testify in court against them.<ref name="Adorjan_2012">{{cite journal |last1=Adorjan |first1=Michael|last2=Christensen |first2=Tony|last3=Kelly|first3=Benjamin|last4=Pawluch|first4=Dorothy|year=2012|title=Stockholm Syndrome As Vernacular Resource|journal=The Sociological Quarterly|volume=53|issue=3|pages=454–474|doi=10.1111/j.1533-8525.2012.01241.x|jstor=41679728|s2cid=141676449|issn=0038-0253}}</ref> It was noted that in this case, however, the police were perceived to have acted with little care for the hostages' safety,<ref name=JessHill>[https://books.google.ca/books?id=Co6ADwAAQBAJ&pg=PT65&lpg=PT65&dq=%22jess+hill%22+%22made+me+do%22+norrmalmstorg&source=bl&ots=hh9PYWUiIr&sig=ACfU3U3spLRozgw82Z5PTMBISHICIzcTdQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjfl_21y6npAhWKdd8KHWfrAMkQ6AEwA3oECAcQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22jess%20hill%22%20%22made%20me%20do%22%20norrmalmstorg&f=false See What You Made Me Do: Power, Control and Domestic Abuse], chapter 2, "The Underground", by [[Jess Hill]]; published June 24, 2019 by [[Black Inc.]]</ref> providing an alternative reason for their unwillingness to testify. Stockholm syndrome is paradoxical because the sympathetic sentiments that captives feel towards their captors are the opposite of the fear and disdain which an onlooker might feel towards the captors.
There are four key components that characterize Stockholm syndrome:
* A hostage's development of positive feelings towards the captor
* No previous relationship between hostage and captor
* A refusal by hostages to cooperate with police forces and other government authorities
* A hostage's belief in the humanity of the captor, ceasing to perceive them as a threat, when the victim holds the same values as the aggressor.<!--<ref name="McKenzie_2004" />--><ref name="Sundaram_2013">{{cite journal|last=Sundaram|first=Chandar S.|year=2013|title=Stockholm Syndrome|journal=Salem Press Encyclopedia|via=Research Starters }}</ref>
Stockholm syndrome is a "contested illness" due to doubt about the legitimacy of the condition.<ref name="Adorjan_2012"/> It has also come to describe the reactions of some abuse victims beyond the context of [[Kidnapping|kidnappings]] or [[Hostage|hostage-taking]]. Actions and attitudes similar to those suffering from Stockholm syndrome have also been found in victims of [[sexual abuse]], [[human trafficking]], [[extremism]], [[terrorism]], [[economic oppression]], [[financial repression]], [[political repression]] and [[religious persecution]].
<ref>Stockholm syndrome has also come to describe the reactions of some abuse victims beyond the context of kidnappings or hostage-taking:
*{{harvnb|Adorjan|Christensen|Kelly|Pawluch|2012|pp=454–474}};
*{{Cite web|last=Andrew Pendleton|title=Fiscal Stockholm Syndrome|url=https://neweconomics.org/2019/12/fiscal-stockholm-syndrome|access-date=2021-09-07|website=New Economics Foundation |ref=none}};
*{{Cite web|title=Kidnapped democracy: how can citizens escape?|url=https://theconversation.com/amp/kidnapped-democracy-how-can-citizens-escape-90011|access-date=2021-09-07|website=theconversation.com |ref=none}};
*{{Cite web|date=2013-05-08|title=The Stockholm Syndrome and Printing Money|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/economy/the-stockholm-syndrome-and-pri|access-date=2021-09-07|website=PBS NewsHour |ref=none}};
*{{Cite journal|last=Schulman|first=Alex|date=2009-01-30|title=Stockholm Syndrome: Radical Islam and the European Response|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12142-009-0118-2|journal=Human Rights Review|language=en|volume=10|issue=4|pages=469|doi=10.1007/s12142-009-0118-2|issn=1874-6306 |ref=none}};
*{{Cite web|date=2014-10-19|title=The Stockholm syndrome in politics|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/the-stockholm-syndrome-in-politics/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=POLITICO |ref=none}};
*{{Cite journal|last=Jülich|first=Shirley|date=2005|title=Stockholm syndrome and child sexual abuse|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16203697/|journal=Journal of Child Sexual Abuse|volume=14|issue=3|pages=107–129|doi=10.1300/J070v14n03_06|issn=1053-8712|pmid=16203697 |ref=none}};
*{{Cite journal|last=Karan|first=Abraar|last2=Hansen|first2=Nathan|date=2018-02-06|title=Does the Stockholm Syndrome affect female sex workers? The case for a “Sonagachi Syndrome”|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5802051/|journal=BMC International Health and Human Rights|volume=18|doi=10.1186/s12914-018-0148-4|issn=1472-698X|pmc=5802051|pmid=29409491 |ref=none}};
*{{Cite web|date=2013-10-17|title=Trafficking: why is help refused?|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-24548143|access-date=2021-09-07|website=BBC News |ref=none}};
*{{Cite web|date=2013-08-21|title=Stockholm Syndrome and Sex Trafficking: Why Don’t They Do Something?|url=https://www.fairobserver.com/region/north_america/stockholm-syndrome-sex-trafficking-why-dont-they-do-something/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Fair Observer |ref=none}}</ref> This is because Stockholm syndrome can be argued as "another method of coping with the stress and danger...similar to some forms of coping in that the participants do not directly address the problem but find a way to cope with the situation by identifying with the aggressor. Coping mechanisms such as these can have a large impact on PTSD."<ref name=":0" />
== Историја ==
=== Stockholm bank robbery ===
In 1973, [[Jan-Erik Olsson]], a convict on parole, took four employees (three women and one man) of [[Kreditbanken]], one of the largest banks in [[Stockholm, Sweden]], hostage during a failed bank robbery. He negotiated the release from prison of his friend [[Clark Olofsson]] to assist him. They held the hostages captive for six days (23–28 August) in one of the bank's vaults. When the hostages were released, none of them would testify against either captor in court; instead, they began raising money for their defense.<ref name="Adorjan_2012"/>
[[Nils Bejerot]], a Swedish [[criminologist]] and [[psychiatrist]] coined the term after the [[Swedish Police|Stockholm police]] asked him for assistance with analyzing the victims' reactions to the 1973 bank robbery and their status as hostages. As the idea of [[brainwashing]] was not a new concept, Bejerot, speaking on "a news cast after the captives' release" described the hostages' reactions as a result of being brainwashed by their captors.<ref name="Adorjan_2012" /> He called it ''Norrmalmstorgssyndromet'' (after Norrmalmstorg Square where the attempted robbery took place), meaning "the Norrmalmstorg syndrome"; it later became known outside Sweden as Stockholm syndrome.<ref>{{cite journal | url = http://www.nilsbejerot.se/sexdagar_eng.htm |vauthors=Bejerot N |title=The six day war in Stockholm |journal=New Scientist |date=1974 |volume=61 |issue=886 |pages=486–487 }}</ref> It was originally defined by psychiatrist [[Frank Ochberg]] to aid the management of hostage situations.<ref>{{cite news |vauthors=Ochberg F |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2005/apr/08/opinion/oe-ochberg8 |title=The Ties That Bind Captive to Captor |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=8 April 2005}}</ref>
This analysis was provided by [[Nils Bejerot]] after he was criticized on Swedish radio by Kristin Enmark, one of the hostages. Enmark claims she had strategically established a rapport with the captors. She had criticized Bejerot for endangering their lives by behaving aggressively and agitating the captors. She had criticized the police for pointing guns at the convicts while the hostages were in the line of fire and she had told news outlets that one of the captors tried to protect the hostages from being caught in the crossfire. She was also critical of prime minister [[Olof Palme]], as she had negotiated with the captors for freedom, but the prime minister told her that she would have to content herself to die at her post rather than give in to the captors' demands.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://sverigesradio.se/artikel/6270898|title=Lyssna på Kristin Enmark prata med Olof Palme under gisslandramat|last=Westcott|first=Kathryn |date=22 August 2013|work=BBC News|access-date=2015-10-05|language=sv-SV}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Enmark |first=Kristin |date=24 June 2020 |title=Jag blev Stockholmssyndromet |location=Stockholm |publisher=SAGA Egmont |isbn=9789185785964 }}</ref>
Olsson later said in an interview:<blockquote>It was the hostages' fault. They did everything I told them to. If they hadn't, I might not be here now. Why didn't any of them attack me? They made it hard to kill. They made us go on living together day after day, like goats, in that filth. There was nothing to do but get to know each other.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-22447726|title=What is Stockholm syndrome?|last=Westcott|first=Kathryn |date=22 August 2013|work=BBC News|access-date=2018-04-08|language=en-GB}}</ref></blockquote>
== Порекло имена ==
Линија 9 ⟶ 46:
* [[Пати Херст]]
* [[Лондонски синдром]]
== Референце ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="DSM-5">{{cite book | others = American Psychiatry Association | title = Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5 | date = 2013 | publisher = American Psychiatric Publishing | location = Washington | isbn = 978-0-89042-555-8 | edition = 5th | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse }}</ref>
}}
== Референце ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal |last1=deFabrique |first1=N. |last2=Romano |first2=S. |last3=Vecchi |first3=G. |last4=Hasselt |first4=Vincent Van |title=Understanding Stockholm Syndrome |journal=FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin |date=1 January 2007 |volume=76 |pages=10–15 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h_onRJcRBoYC&pg=RA6-PA10 }}
* {{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WgtzDQAAQBAJ&q=Lennart+Geijer+%26+Norrmalmstorg&pg=PT38 |title = Dramat på Norrmalmstorg: 23 till 28 augusti 1973|isbn = 9789100169350|last1 = Svensson|first1 = Per|date = 2016-11-07}}
* {{Cite book|last=Hill|first=Jess|title=See What You Made Me Do: Power, Control and Domestic Abuse|publisher=Black Inc.|year=2019|isbn=1760641405|oclc=1246246503|location=Melbourne}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |title = Norrmalmstorgsdramat|encyclopedia = [[Nationalencyklopedin]]|language = sv|url = http://www.ne.se/norrmalmstorgsdramat|accessdate = 30 October 2010|url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.worldcrunch.com/default/forty-years-ago-a-swedish-bank-robber-gave-us-quot-stockholm-syndrome-quot-/stockholm-syndrome-jan-erik-olsson-hostage-hostages/c0s13206/ |website=Worldcrunch|title=Forty Years Ago, A Swedish Bank Robber Gave Us "Stockholm Syndrome"|accessdate=2013-08-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011004222/http://www.worldcrunch.com/default/forty-years-ago-a-swedish-bank-robber-gave-us-quot-stockholm-syndrome-quot-/stockholm-syndrome-jan-erik-olsson-hostage-hostages/c0s13206/ |archive-date=2014-10-11}}
* {{cite book|title=Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002|date=July 2006|publisher=The Royal Society of Edinburgh|isbn=0-902-198-84-X|url=https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf}}
* {{cite book | author-link=Charles Rycroft|last=Rycroft|first=Charles | title=Psychoanalysis and Beyond | publisher=Chatto | year=1985|isbn=0-7011-2971-9|page=132}}
* {{cite book | author-link=Peter Fuller|last=Fuller|first=Peter | title=Psychoanalysis and Beyond |chapter=Introduction | publisher=Chatto | year=1985|isbn=0-7011-2971-9|page=21}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sutherland|first=John|title=Fairbairn's Journey Into the Interior|publisher=Free Association Books|year=1989|isbn=1-85343-059-5|location=London}}
* {{Cite book |author=Grotstein James |author2= Rinsley, Donald|title=Fairbairn and The Origins of Object Relations|publisher=The Guilford Press|year=1994|isbn=0-89862-135-6|location=New York}}
* {{Cite book |author=Skolnick, Neil |author2= Scharff, David|title=Fairbairn Then and Now|publisher=The Analytic Press|year=1998|isbn=0-88163-262-7}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/867819063|title=Fairbairn and the object-relations tradition|date=2014|publisher=Karnac Books|others=Graham S. Clarke, David E. Scharff|isbn=978-1-78241-192-5|location=London|oclc=867819063}}
* {{Cite book |last=Seinfeld|first=Jeffrey|title=The Bad Object|publisher=Jason Aronson|year=1990|isbn=0-87668-831-8|location=Northvale, New Jersey}}
* {{Cite book |last=Celani|first=David|title=The Illusion of Love: Why the Battered Woman Returns to Her Abuser|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=1995|isbn=978-0231100373|location=New York}}
{{Refend}}
== Спољашње везе ==
{{Commons category|Stockholm syndrome}}
* [http://www.nilsbejerot.se/sexdagar_eng.htm Nils Bejerot: The six day war in Stockholm, New Scientist, 1974]
{{Authority control}}
[[Категорија:Психологија]]
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