Јужни крст (сазвежђе) — разлика између измена
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Ред 1:
{{short description|Сазвежђе на јужној небеској хемисфери}}
{{кутијица за сазвежђе |
|име = Јужни крст
Линија 22 ⟶ 23:
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'''Јужни крст''' ({{јез-лат|Crux}}) је најмање од 88 модерних [[сазвежђе|сазвежђа]], а карактеристични облик образују четири најсјајније звезде (некад приказано и пет). Са три стране је окружено сазвежђем [[Кентаур (сазвежђе)|Кентаур]] и јужно сазвежђем [[Мува (сазвежђе)|Мува]]. Видљиво је само са [[Јужна хемисфера|јужне хемисфере]]. Морнари су у стара времена користили Јужни крст за навигацију, јер се помоћу њега може одредити [[југ]].
== Историја ==
{{рут}}
The bright stars in Crux were known to the [[Ancient Greeks]], where [[Ptolemy]] regarded them as part of the constellation [[Centaurus]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Pasachoff|first1=J. M.|authorlink=Jay Pasachoff|last2=Menzel|first2=D. H.|authorlink2=Donald Howard Menzel|last3=Tirion|first3=W.|authorlink3=Wil Tirion|editor=R. T. Petarson|title=A Field Guide to the Stars and Planets|edition=3|year=1992|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company|location=New York|series=The Peterson Field Guide Series|volume=15|isbn=0395537649|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OuMLSZI1ZUIC&q=crux|page=144}}</ref>{{sfn|Staal|1988|p=247}} They were entirely visible as far north as [[Great Britain|Britain]] in the fourth millennium BC. However, the [[precession of the equinoxes]] gradually lowered the stars below the European horizon, and they were eventually forgotten by the inhabitants of northern latitudes.{{sfn|Ridpath|Tirion|2017|pp=134–135}} By 400 [[Common Era|CE]], the stars in the constellation now called Crux never rose above the horizon throughout most of Europe. [[Dante Alighieri|Dante]] may have known about the constellation in the 14th century, as he describes an [[asterism (astronomy)|asterism]] of four bright stars in the southern sky in his ''[[Divine Comedy]]''.<ref>Dante, ''Purgatorio'', Canto I, lines 22-27, Hollander translation
::"I turned to the right and, fixing my attention
::on the other pole, I saw four stars
:: not seen but by those first on earth.
:: The very sky seemed to rejoice
:: in their bright glittering. O widowed
:: region of the north, denied that sight!"
</ref><ref name="Walker1882">{{Cite journal|title=Dante and the Southern Cross|author=Walker, J. J.|journal=Nature|volume=25|issue=636|date=22 December 1881|page=173|doi=10.1038/025217b0|s2cid=4064727|doi-access=free}}</ref> His description, however, may be allegorical, and the similarity to the constellation a coincidence.<ref name="Dante">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p_5l2FCfvF8C&q=%22almost+certain+that+Dante+did+not+know+about+that+formation%22&pg=PT315|title=The Divine Comedy|author=Dante Alighieri|isbn=9781101117996|date=2003-05-27}}</ref>
[[Image:Southern Celestial Map of Mestre João Faras.gif|thumb|left|Depiction of the Crux by [[João Faras]] in May 1500]]
The 15th century Venetian navigator [[Alvise Cadamosto]] made note of what was probably the Southern Cross on exiting the [[Gambia River]] in 1455, calling it the ''carro dell'ostro'' ("southern chariot"). However, Cadamosto's accompanying diagram was inaccurate.<ref>{{cite book |quote=We likewise observed ... due south by compass, a constellation of six large bright stars, in the figure of a cross in this form ... we conjectured this to be the southern chariot, but could not expect to observe the principal star, as we had not yet lost sight of the north pole. |author=Cadamosto, A. |title=Navigatione |year=c. 1465 |edition= 1550 Ramusio |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iZ5TZHXOnYcC&pg=RA2-PA114 |page=116r}}{{cite book |author=Cadamosto, A. |title=Navigatione |year=c. 1465 |edition= 1811 Kerr |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YVjm2VmuOlgC&pg=PA244 |page=244}}. However, no manuscript of Cadamosto's notebook has survived, only the printed version, and the errors in the diagram may be due to the printer's decision.</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Dekker, Elly |author-link= Elly Dekker |date=1990 |title=Annals of Science |volume=47 |pages=530–533}}</ref> Historians generally credit [[João Faras]]<ref group=lower-alpha>[[João Faras]] was an astronomer and physician of King [[Manuel I of Portugal]] who accompanied [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] in the discovery of Brazil in 1500</ref> for being the first European to depict it correctly. Faras sketched and described the constellation (calling it "''As Guardas''") in a letter written on the beaches of Brazil on 1 May 1500 to the Portuguese monarch.<ref>{{cite book |title=Revista do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro |location=Rio de Janeiro |year=1843 |volume=V |issue=19 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fx1-Np41_90C&pg=PA342}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Dekker, Elly|author-link= Elly Dekker |date=1990 |title=Annals of Science |volume=47 |pages=533–535}}</ref>
Explorer [[Amerigo Vespucci]] seems to have observed not only the Southern Cross but also the neighboring Coalsack Nebula on his second voyage in 1501–1502.<ref>{{cite book |author=Dekker, Elly |author-link= Elly Dekker |date=1990 |title=Annals of Science |volume=47 |pages=535–543}}</ref>
Another early modern description clearly describing Crux as a separate constellation is attributed to [[Andrea Corsali]], an Italian navigator who from 1515–1517 sailed to China and the [[East Indies]] in an expedition sponsored by [[Manuel I of Portugal|King Manuel I]]. In 1516, Corsali wrote a letter to the monarch describing his observations of the southern sky, which included a rather crude map of the stars around the south celestial pole including the Southern Cross and the two Magellanic Clouds seen in an external orientation, as on a globe.<ref>{{cite book |author=Dekker, Elly|author-link= Elly Dekker |date=1990 |title=Annals of Science |volume=47 |pages=545–548}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Letter to Giuliano de Medici |year=c. 1516 |url=http://www2.sl.nsw.gov.au/archive/events/exhibitions/2010/onehundred/100-objects/Exhibit-002.htm |website=State Library of New South Wales |access-date=1 February 2018}}</ref>
[[Emery Molyneux]] and [[Petrus Plancius]] have also been cited as the first [[Celestial cartography|uranographers]] (sky mappers) to distinguish Crux as a separate constellation; their representations date from 1592, the former depicting it on his [[celestial globe]] and the latter in one of the small celestial maps on his large wall map. Both authors, however, depended on unreliable sources and placed Crux in the wrong position. Crux was first shown in its correct position on the celestial globes of [[Petrus Plancius]] and [[Jodocus Hondius]] in 1598 and 1600. Its stars were first catalogued separately from Centaurus by [[Frederick de Houtman]] in 1603.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/crux.htm |title=Ian Ridpath's Star Tales – Crux |access-date=5 August 2013}}</ref> The constellation was later adopted by [[Jakob Bartsch]] in 1624 and [[Augustin Royer]] in 1679. Royer is sometimes wrongly cited as initially distinguishing Crux.{{sfn|Staal|1988|p=247}}
== Карактеристике ==
[[File:Southern Cross -New Zealand-.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.2|Southern Cross from New Zealand]]
Crux is bordered by the constellations [[Centaurus]] (which surrounds it on three sides) on the east, north and west, and [[Musca]] to the south. Covering 68 square degrees and 0.165% of the night sky, it is the smallest of the 88 constellations.<ref name=bagnall>{{cite book |last=Bagnall |first=Philip M. |title=The Star Atlas Companion: What You Need to Know about the Constellations |publisher=Springer |location=New York, New York |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4614-0830-7 |pages=183–87|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KcIg02TKW6QC&pg=PA303}}</ref> The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the [[International Astronomical Union]] in 1922, is "Cru".<ref name="pa30_469">{{cite journal | last=Russell | first=Henry Norris |author-link=Henry Norris Russell | title=The New International Symbols for the Constellations | journal=Popular Astronomy | volume=30 | page=469 | bibcode=1922PA.....30..469R | year=1922 }}</ref> The official constellation boundaries, as set by Belgian astronomer [[Eugène Joseph Delporte|Eugène Delporte]] in 1930, are defined by a polygon of four segments. In the [[equatorial coordinate system]], the [[right ascension]] coordinates of these borders lie between {{RA|11|56.13}} and {{RA|12|57.45}}, while the [[declination]] coordinates are between −55.68° and −64.70°.<ref name="boundary">{{Cite journal | title=Crux, Constellation Boundary | journal=The Constellations | publisher=International Astronomical Union | url=http://www.iau.org/public/constellations/#cru | access-date=23 June 2014}}</ref> Its totality figures at least part of the year south of the [[25th parallel north]].<ref name=tirionconst>{{cite web| url=http://www.ianridpath.com/constellations1.htm | title=Constellations: Andromeda–Indus | work= Star Tales |author=Ian Ridpath|publisher=self-published | access-date=23 June 2014| author-link=Ian Ridpath }}</ref>{{efn|1=While parts of the constellation technically rise above the horizon to observers between 25°N and 34°N, stars within a few degrees of the horizon are to all intents and purposes unobservable.<ref name=tirionconst/>}}
== Видљивост ==
[[File:Deep Crux wide field with fog.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.2|Deep exposure of Crux, [[Coalsack Nebula]], and [[IC 2944]]]]
Crux is easily visible from the [[southern hemisphere]] at practically any time of year. It is also visible near the horizon from [[Tropics|tropical latitudes]] of the [[northern hemisphere]] for a few hours every night during the northern winter and spring. For instance, it is visible from [[Cancun]] or any other place at latitude 25° N or less at around 10 pm at the end of April.<ref>{{cite book | title=Field Guide to the Stars and Planets | author=Pasachoff, Jay M | year=2000 | publisher=Houghton Miflin | isbn=978-0-395-93431-9 | page=67}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ianridpath.com/constellations1.htm | title=Ian Ridpath.com: Constellations | access-date=2015-09-29}}</ref> There are 5 main stars.
Due to [[precession]], Crux will move closer to the South Pole in the next millennia, up to 67 degrees south declination for the middle of the constellation. However, by the year 14,000 Crux will be visible for most parts of Europe and continental United States which will extend to North Europe by the year 18,000 as it will be less than 30 degrees south declination.
===Use in navigation===
[[Image:Pole01-eng.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.2|Locating the south celestial pole]]
In the [[Southern Hemisphere]], the Southern Cross is frequently used for [[Celestial Navigation|navigation]] in much the same way that [[Polaris]] is used in the [[Northern Hemisphere]]. Projecting a line from [[γ Crucis|γ]] to [[α Crucis]] (the foot of the crucifix) approximately {{frac|4|1|2}} times beyond gives a point close to the Southern Celestial Pole{{sfn|Ridpath|Tirion|2017|pp=134–135}} which is also, coincidentally, where intersects a perpendicular line taken southwards from the east-west axis of [[Alpha Centauri]] to [[Beta Centauri]], which are stars at an alike declination to Crux and of a similar width as the cross, but higher magnitude.<ref name= Grainger>{{cite book |title = Don't die in the Bundu| first1 = DH| last1 = Grainger| year = 1969| location = Cape Town| isbn = 0-86978-056-5| pages = 84–86| edition = 8th}}</ref> [[Argentina|Argentine]] [[gaucho]]s are documented as using Crux for night orientation in the [[Pampa]]s and [[Patagonia]].
== Јужни крст на заставама ==
Линија 33 ⟶ 70:
* - {{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Застава Новог Зеланда|Застава]] [[Нови Зеланд|Новог Зеланда]]
* - {{flagicon|Tokelau}} [[Застава Токелауа|Застава]] [[Токелау]]а
== Напомене ==
{{notelist}}
== Референце ==
{{Reflist|}}
== Литература ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{citation |title = Deep Sky Objects |last = Levy |first = David H. |publisher = Prometheus Books |year = 2005 |isbn = 1-59102-361-0 |url-access = registration |url = https://archive.org/details/deepskyobjects00davi }}
* {{citation |title = A Field Guide to the Stars and Planets |last = Pasachoff |first = Jay M. | author-link = Jay Pasachoff |year = 2006 |publisher = Houghton Mifflin}}
* {{citation |title = Stars and Planets Guide |last1 = Ridpath |first1 = Ian |last2 = Tirion |first2 = Wil |author-link1 = Ian Ridpath |author-link2 = Wil Tirion |year = 2017 |publisher = Princeton University Press |isbn = 9780691177885}}
* {{citation |title = The New Patterns in the Sky: Myths and Legends of the Stars |last = Staal |first = Julius D. W. |publisher = McDonald and Woodward Publishing Company |year = 1988 |isbn = 0939923041}}
* {{citation |last = Velt |first = Kik |title = Stars Over Tonga |publisher = 'Atenisi University |year = 1990}}
*{{cite web
| last = ESA
| authorlink = European Space Agency
| title = The Hipparcos and Tycho Catalogues
| date = 1997
| url = http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/Cat?I/239
| accessdate = 2006-12-26 }}
*{{cite web
| last = Kostjuk
| first = N. D.
| title = HD-DM-GC-HR-HIP-Bayer-Flamsteed Cross Index
| date = 2002
| url = http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/Cat?IV/27
| accessdate = 2006-12-26 }}
*{{cite web
| last = Roman
| first = N. G.
| title = Identification of a Constellation from a Position
| date = 1987
| url = http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/Cat?VI/42
| accessdate = 2006-12-26 }}
*{{cite web
| url = http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/
| title = SIMBAD Astronomical Database
| publisher = Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg
| accessdate = 2007-01-02 }}
*{{cite web
| last1 = Samus
| first1 = N. N.
| last2 = Durlevich
| first2 = O. V.
| display-authors = etal
| title = Combined General Catalogue of Variable Stars (GCVS4.2)
| date = 2004
| url = http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/Cat?II/250
| accessdate = 2007-01-03 }}
*{{cite web
|last=Gould
|first=B. A.
|title=Uranometria Argentina
|publisher=Reprinted and updated by Pilcher, F
|url=http://www.uranometriaargentina.com/
|accessdate=2010-07-19
|url-status=dead
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227032716/http://www.uranometriaargentina.com/
|archivedate=2012-02-27
}}
*{{ cite web
| title = AAVSO Website
| publisher = American Association of Variable Star Observers
| url = http://www.aavso.org
| accessdate = 9 March 2014 }}
*{{ cite web
| title = Naming Stars
| url = https://www.iau.org/public/themes/naming_stars/
| accessdate = 13 December 2017 }}
{{refend}}
== Спољашње везе ==
{{Commonscat|Crux (constellation)}}
* [http://www.dibonsmith.com/downunder.htm Finding the South Pole in the sky]
* [http://astrojan.eu5.org/crux.htm The clickable Crux]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081014150915/http://www.teara.govt.nz/EarthSeaAndSky/Astronomy/SouthernCross/en ''Southern Cross''] in Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
* [http://archival.sl.nsw.gov.au/Details/archive/110324148 Andrea Corsali – Letter to Giuliano de Medici, 1516 showing the Southern Cross] at the [[State Library of NSW]]
* [http://nla.gov.au/nla.ms-ms7860 Letter of Andrea Corsali 1516–1989: with additional material] ("the first description and illustration of the Southern Cross, with speculations about Australia ...") digitised by the National Library of Australia.
{{сазвежђа}}
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