Хидропонија — разлика између измена
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{{Short description|Growing plants without soil using nutrients in water}}{{rut}}
'''Хидропонија''' је метод вештачке производње усева, који користи [[песак]] уместо земље и воду са одговарајућим хранљивим састојцима.<ref name="darcy">Santos, J. D. et al (2013) Development of a [[vinasse]] nutritive solutions for hydroponics. Journal of Environmental Management 114: 8-12.</ref> Оваквом култивацијом могу се постићи високи приноси. У будућности се ова техника може и шире примењивати да би се смањили трошкови, осим за луксузне производе. Хидропонија<ref>{{Cite journal|last= Gericke|first= William F.|date= 1937|title= Hydroponics - crop production in liquid culture media|journal= Science|volume= 85|issue= 2198|pages= 177–178|doi= 10.1126/science.85.2198.177|pmid= 17732930|bibcode= 1937Sci....85..177G}}</ref> is a type of [[horticulture]] and a subset of [[#Passive sub-irrigation|hydroculture]] which involves growing [[plant]]s, usually [[crops]], without [[soil]], by using [[water]]-based [[mineral]] [[nutrient]] [[Solution (chemistry)|solution]]s in [[Solvent|aqueous solvents]]. [[Terrestrial plant|Terrestrial]] or [[aquatic plant]]s may grow with their [[root]]s exposed to the nutritious liquid or in addition, the roots may be physically supported by an [[Chemically inert|inert]] medium such as [[perlite]], [[gravel]], or other [[Substrate (biology)|substrates]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last= Gericke|first= William F.|date= 1945|title= The meaning of hydroponics|journal= Science|volume= 101|issue= 2615|pages= 142–143|doi= 10.1126/science.101.2615.142|pmid= 17800488|bibcode= 1945Sci...101..142G}}</ref> Despite inert media, roots can cause changes of the [[rhizosphere]] [[pH]] and [[root exudate]]s can affect rhizosphere [[biology]] and physiological balance of the [[Hydroponics#Nutrient_solutions|nutrient solution]] by [[secondary metabolite]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last= Nye|first= P. H.|date= 1981|title= Changes of pH across the rhizosphere induced by roots|journal= Plant and Soil|volume= 61|issue= 1–2|pages= 7–26|doi= 10.1007/BF02277359|s2cid= 24813211}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1= Walker|first1= T. S.|last2= Bais|first2= H. P.|last3= Grotewold|first3= E.|last4= Vivanco|first4= J. M.|date= 2003|title= Root exudation and rhizosphere biology|journal= Plant Physiology|volume= 132|issue= 1|pages= 44–51|doi= 10.1104/pp.102.019661|pmid= 12746510|pmc= 1540314|doi-access= free}}</ref><ref name="taylorfrancis.com">{{cite journal |last1=Suryawanshi |first1=Yogesh |title=Hydroponic Cultivation Approaches to Enhance the Contents of the Secondary Metabolites in Plants. |journal=Biotechnological Approaches to Enhance Plant Secondary Metabolites |volume=CRC Press. |pages=71–88 |date= 2021 |doi=10.1201/9781003034957-5 |isbn=9781003034957 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9781003034957-5/hydroponic-cultivation-approaches-enhance-contents-secondary-metabolites-plants-yogesh-chandrakant-suryawanshi}}</ref>
The [[Plant nutrition|nutrients]] used in hydroponic systems can come from many different sources, including [[Fish#Excretion|fish excrement]], [[duck]] [[manure]], purchased [[chemical fertilizer]]s, or [[Plant nutrition#Plant nutrition in agricultural systems|artificial nutrient solutions]].<ref name=":">{{Cite book|title= Hydroponics: A Practical Guide for the Soilless Grower|last= Jones, Jr.|first= J. B.|publisher= CRC Press|year= 2004|isbn= 9780849331671|edition= 2nd|location= Boca Raton, London, New York, Washington, D. C.|pages= 153–166}}</ref>
Plants are commonly grown hydroponically in a [[greenhouse]], on [[#Substrates_(growing_support_materials)|inert media]], include [[tomatoes]], [[Capsicum|peppers]], [[cucumbers]], [[Strawberry|strawberries]], [[lettuces]], and [[cannabis]], usually for commercial use, and ''[[Arabidopsis thaliana]]'', which serves as a [[model organism]] in [[botany|plant science]] and [[genetics]].<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://bio-protocol.org/bio101/e3121|title= A simplified hydroponic culture of ''Arabidopsis''|work= Bio-101|access-date= Mar 4, 2020|language= en-US}}</ref>
Hydroponics offers many advantages, notably a decrease in water usage in [[agriculture]]. To grow {{convert|1|kg}} of tomatoes using [[intensive farming]] methods requires {{convert|400|liter}} of water; using hydroponics, {{convert|70|liter}}; and only {{convert|20|liter}} using [[aeroponics]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1= Zhang|first1= He|last2= Asutosh|first2= Ashish|last3= Hu|first3= Wei|date= 2018-11-27|title= Implementing Vertical Farming at University Scale to Promote Sustainable Communities: A Feasibility Analysis|journal= Sustainability|volume= 10|issue= 12|pages= 4429|doi= 10.3390/su10124429|issn= 2071-1050|doi-access= free}} The paper describes the authors statistical concept modeling in determining the potential advantages of developing a vertical farm at Huazhong University of Science and Technology. While the figures are conservative and project the farm's profitability in 10 to 20 years, it is based on metadata and not on direct observation.</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=de Figueiredo|first1=Eduardo Barretto |last2=Jayasundara |first2=Susantha |last3=Bordonal |first3=Ricardo de Oliveira |last4=Berchielli|first4=Telma Teresinha |last5=Reis|first5=Ricardo Andrade |last6=Wagner-Riddle|first6=Claudia|last7=Jr.|first7=Newton La Scala|title=Greenhouse gas balance and carbon footprint of beef cattle in three contrasting pasture-management systems in Brazil |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |volume=142 |pages=420–431 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.03.132|year=2017|hdl=11449/177967 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Since hydroponics takes much less water to grow produce, it could be possible in the future for people in [[Habitat|harsh environments]] with little accessible water to grow their own [[food]].<ref>
Compare:
{{Cite journal
|last= Gericke|first= William F.|date= 1938
|title= Crop production without soil
|journal= Nature|volume= 141|issue= 3569
|pages= 536–540
|doi= 10.1038/141536a0
|bibcode= 1938Natur.141..536G|s2cid= 38739387
|quote= It is, of course, not inconceivable that industry may develop and manufacture equipment at markedly greater economy than prevails at present, thereby increasing the number of crops that can be grown economically.
}}
</ref>
== Историја ==
The earliest published work on growing terrestrial plants without soil was the 1627 book ''Sylva Sylvarum'' or 'A Natural History' by [[Francis Bacon]], printed a year after his death. As a result of his work, water culture became a popular research technique. In 1699, [[John Woodward (naturalist)|John Woodward]] published his water culture experiments with [[spearmint]]. He found that plants in less-pure water sources grew better than plants in distilled water. By 1842, a list of nine elements believed to be essential for plant growth had been compiled, and the discoveries of German botanists [[Julius von Sachs]] and [[Wilhelm Knop]], in the years 1859–1875, resulted in a development of the technique of soilless cultivation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Hydroponics|last=Douglas|first=J. S.|publisher=Oxford UP|year=1975|edition=5th|location=Bombay|pages=1–3}}</ref> To quote von Sachs directly: "In the year 1860, I published the results of experiments which demonstrated that land plants are capable of absorbing their nutritive matters out of watery solutions, without the aid of soil, and that it is possible in this way not only to maintain plants alive and growing for a long time, as had long been known, but also to bring about a vigorous increase of their organic substance, and even the production of seed capable of germination."<ref>Sachs, J. v.: Chemistry in its Applications to Agriculture and Physiology. Clarendon Press, Oxford (1887), pp. 836.</ref> Growth of terrestrial plants without soil in mineral nutrient solutions was later called "solution culture".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Breazeale|first=J. F.|date=1906|title=The relation of sodium to potassium in soil and solution cultures|journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society|volume=28|issue=8|pages=1013–1025|doi=10.1021/ja01974a008|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1887883}}</ref> It quickly became a standard research and teaching technique and is still widely used. Solution culture is now considered a type of hydroponics where there is an [[Hydroponics#Substrates (growing support materials)|inert medium]] for stabilizing plant growth.
Around the 1930s plant scientists investigated [[Plant pathology|diseases]] of certain plants, and thereby, observed symptoms related to existing soil conditions such as [[Soil salinity|salinity]]. In this context, water culture experiments were undertaken with the hope of delivering similar symptoms under controlled conditions.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Nutrition of strawberry plant under controlled conditions. (a) Effects of deficiencies of boron and certain other elements, (b) susceptibility to injury from sodium salts|last1=Hoagland |first1=D.R. |last2=Snyder |first2=W.C.|journal=Proceedings of the American Society for Horticultural Science|year=1933|volume=30|pages=288–294}}</ref> This approach forced by [[Dennis Robert Hoagland]] led to model systems (e.g., [[green algae]] [[Nitella]]) and standardized nutrient recipes playing an increasingly important role in modern [[plant physiology]].<ref name="nas">{{cite web|title=Dennis Robert Hoagland: 1884-1949|work=Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences|url=http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/hoagland-dennis-r.pdf|access-date=2 December 2020}}</ref> In 1929, [[William Frederick Gericke]] of the University of California at Berkeley began publicly promoting that the principles of solution culture be used for agricultural [[agriculture|crop production]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dunn|first=H. H.|date=October 1929|title=Plant "Pills" Grow Bumper Crops|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VigDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA29|journal=[[Popular Science|Popular Science Monthly]]|pages=29–30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Thiyagarajan|first1=G.|last2=Umadevi|first2=R.|last3=Ramesh|first3=K.|date=Jan 2007|title=Hydroponics|url=http://www.techno-preneur.net/information-desk/sciencetech-magazine/2007/jan07/Hydroponics.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Science Tech Entrepreneur|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229051310/http://www.techno-preneur.net/information-desk/sciencetech-magazine/2007/jan07/Hydroponics.pdf|archive-date=December 29, 2009|via=[[Wayback Machine]]}}</ref> He first termed this cultivation method "aquaculture" but later found that [[aquaculture]] was already applied to culture of [[Aquatic animal|aquatic organisms]]. Gericke created a sensation by growing tomato vines {{convert|25|ft|m|abbr=off|spell=in}} high in his back yard in mineral nutrient solutions rather than soil.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://home.howstuffworks.com/lawn-garden/professional-landscaping/hydroponics.htm|title=How Hydroponics Works|last=Turner|first=Bambi|date=Oct 20, 2008|work=HowStuffWorks|access-date=May 29, 2012|publisher=InfoSpace Holdings LLC|language=en}}</ref> He then introduced the term ''hydroponics'', water culture, in 1937, proposed to him by [[:es:William Albert Setchell|W. A. Setchell]], a [[phycology|phycologist]] with an extensive education in the classics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/setchell.html|title=Biography of W.A. Setchell|publisher=The University and Jepson Herbaria, University of California|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015233655/http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/setchell.html|archive-date=October 15, 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=Nov 21, 2018}}</ref> Hydroponics is derived from [[neologism]] υδρωπονικά (derived from Greek ύδωρ=water and πονέω=cultivate), constructed in analogy to γεωπονικά (derived from Greek γαία=earth and πονέω=cultivate),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=gewponiko/s|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|last1=Liddell|first1=H. G.|last2=Scott|first2=R.|website=www.perseus.tufts.edu|access-date=Nov 21, 2018}}</ref> [[geoponica]], that which concerns agriculture, replacing, γεω-, earth, with ὑδρο-, water.<ref name=":0" />
Gericke, however, underestimated that the time was not yet ripe for the general [[Technology|technical application]] and [[Commerce|commercial use]] of hydroponics for producing crops because the system he employed was at that time too sensitive and required too much monitoring to be used in commercial applications.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=foRUrxkx2MU/| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211031/foRUrxkx2MU| archive-date=2021-10-31 | url-status=live|title=First hydroponics experiment video of William Frederick Gericke in 1930s|date=June 25, 2021|website=[[YouTube]]|language=}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Reports of Gericke's work and his claims that hydroponics would revolutionize plant agriculture prompted a huge number of requests for further information. Gericke had been denied use of the university's [[greenhouse]]s for his experiments due to the administration's skepticism, and when the university tried to compel him to release his preliminary nutrient recipes developed at home, he requested greenhouse space and time to improve them using appropriate research facilities. While he was eventually provided greenhouse space, the university assigned [[Dennis Robert Hoagland|Hoagland]] and [[Daniel I. Arnon|Arnon]] to re-evaluate Gericke's claims and show his formula held no benefit over soil grown plant yields, a view held by Hoagland. In 1940, Gericke, whose work is considered to be the basis for all forms of hydroponic growing, published the book, ''Complete Guide to Soilless Gardening,'' after leaving his academic position in 1937 in a climate that was politically unfavorable. Therein, for the first time, he published his basic formula involving the macro- and micronutrient salts for hydroponically-grown plants.<<ref name=Gericke>{{cite book|last1=Gericke|first1=William F.|title=The Complete Guide to Soilless Gardening|date=1940|publisher=Putnam|location=London|isbn=9781163140499|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soillessgardenin031829mbp/page/n30 9]–10, 38 & 84|edition=1st|url=https://archive.org/details/soillessgardenin031829mbp}}</ref>
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Датотека:Hydroponic onions, NASA -- 17 June 2004.jpg|Узгајање [[Црни лук|лука]] у хидропонији - НАСА
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