Роберт Бојл — разлика између измена
Садржај обрисан Садржај додат
. |
|||
Ред 1:
{{short description|Англо-ирски природни филозоф, хемичар, физичар и проналазач }}
{{Научник
| име = Роберт Бојл
Линија 19 ⟶ 20:
| напомене =
}}
'''Роберт Бојл''' ({{јез-енгл|Robert Boyle}}; [[Лизмоур]], [[25. јануар]] [[1627]] — [[Лондон]], [[30. децембар]] [[1691]]) је био ирски<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/76496/Robert-Boyle|title=Robert Boyle|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=24 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{MacTutor Biography|id=Boyle}}</ref><ref>{{Gutenberg author | id=Boyle,+Robert | name=Robert Boyle}}</ref> [[физика|физичар]] и [[хемија|хемичар]]. Иако његова истраживања и лична филозофија имају корене у [[Алхемија|алхемичарској]] традицији, данас је признат као први модерни хемичар, а његова књига ''-{The Sceptical Chemist}-'' се сматра утемељењем модерне хемије.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-Boyle|title=Robert Boyle {{!}} Biography, Contributions, Works, & Facts|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2021-02-02}}</ref>
Бојл је изводио експерименте са ваздухом, вакуумом, дисањем и сагоревањем. Да је притисак гаса обрнуто сразмеран запремини приметио је [[1662]]. године. Та веза се данас зове [[Бојл-Мариотов закон]].<ref name="acottLaw">{{cite journal |last=Acott |first=Chris |title=The diving "Law-ers": A brief resume of their lives. |journal=South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society journal |volume=29 |issue=1 |year=1999 |issn=0813-1988 |oclc=16986801 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/5990 |accessdate=17. 4. 2009. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110402073203/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/5990 |archive-date=02. 04. 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Levine|first1=Ira N.|title=Physical chemistry|date=2008|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=Dubuque, IA|isbn=9780072538625|page=12|edition=6th}}</ref> Између осталог, бавио се и киселинама и базама, [[кристалографија|кристалографијом]], густинама и преламањем. Бојл је основао [[Краљевско друштво]], Енглеску академију наука.
== Биографија ==
=== Ране године ===
{{рут}}
Boyle was born at [[Lismore Castle]], in [[County Waterford]], Ireland, the seventh son and fourteenth child of [[Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork|The 1st Earl of Cork]] ('the Great Earl of Cork') and [[Catherine Fenton Boyle|Catherine Fenton]].<ref name=EB1911/> Lord Cork, then known simply as Richard Boyle, had arrived in [[Dublin]] from England in 1588 during the [[Tudor dynasty|Tudor]] [[plantations of Ireland]] and obtained an appointment as a deputy [[escheator]]. He had amassed enormous wealth and landholdings by the time Robert was born, and had been created [[Earl of Cork]] in October 1620. Catherine Fenton, [[Countess]] of [[County Cork|Cork]], was the daughter of [[Sir Geoffrey Fenton]], the former [[Secretary of State (Ireland)|Secretary of State for Ireland]], who was born in Dublin in 1539, and Alice Weston, the daughter of [[Robert Weston]], who was born in [[Lismore, County Waterford|Lismore]] in 1541.<ref>{{Citation|title=Catherine Fenton|work=Family Ghosts|url=http://www.stanford.edu/group/auden/cgi-bin/auden/individual.php?pid=I4234&ged=auden-bicknell.ged |access-date=9 June 2011}}</ref>
As a child, Boyle was raised by a [[wet nurse]],<ref name=McCartneyWhitaker>{{citation|title=Physicists of Ireland: Passion and Precision|first1=Mark|last1=McCartney|first2=Andrew|last2=Whitaker|publisher=Institute of Physics Publishing|year=2003|location=London}}</ref> as were his elder brothers. Boyle received private tutoring in Latin, Greek, and French and when he was eight years old, following the death of his mother, he, and his brother Francis, were sent to [[Eton College]] in England. His father's friend, [[Sir Henry Wotton]], was then the [[Provost (education)|provost]] of the college.<ref name=EB1911/>
During this time, his father hired a private tutor, Robert Carew, who had knowledge of [[Irish language|Irish]], to act as private tutor to his sons in Eton. However, "only Mr. Robert sometimes desires it [Irish] and is a little entered in it", but despite the "many reasons" given by Carew to turn their attentions to it, "they practice the French and Latin but they affect not the Irish".<ref name="canny">{{citation|first=Nicholas|last=Canny|title=The Upstart Earl: a study of the social and mental world of Richard Boyle|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge|year=1982|page=127}}</ref> After spending over three years at Eton, Robert travelled abroad with a French tutor. They visited Italy in 1641 and remained in [[Florence]] during the winter of that year studying the "paradoxes of the great star-gazer" [[Galileo Galilei]], who was elderly but still living in 1641.<ref name=EB1911/>
===Middle years===
Robert returned to England from [[continental Europe]] in mid-1644 with a keen interest in scientific research.<ref>See biographies of Robert Boyle at [http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=522], {{cite web |url=http://www.woodrow.org/teachers/ci/1992/Boyle.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=6 May 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516022301/http://www.woodrow.org/teachers/ci/1992/Boyle.html |archive-date=16 May 2008 }}, {{cite web |url=http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Boyle.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=6 May 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080413025044/http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Boyle.html |archive-date=13 April 2008 }} and [https://books.google.com/books?id=fjDXtalPeesC&pg=PT24].</ref> His father, [[Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork|Lord Cork]], had died the previous year and had left him the manor of [[Stalbridge]] in Dorset as well as substantial estates in [[County Limerick]] in Ireland that he had acquired. Robert then made his residence at [[Stalbridge#Stalbridge House|Stalbridge House]], between 1644 and 1652, and settled a laboratory where he conducted many experiments.<ref>{{Cite web|year=2014|title=BBC - History - Robert Boyle|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/boyle_robert.shtml|url-status=live|access-date=26 September 2021|website=[[BBC Online]]}}</ref> From that time, Robert devoted his life to [[science|scientific]] research and soon took a prominent place in the band of enquirers, known as the "[[Invisible College]]", who devoted themselves to the cultivation of the "new philosophy". They met frequently in London, often at [[Gresham College]], and some of the members also had meetings at [[Oxford]].<ref name=EB1911/>
[[File:Young Robert Boyle on monument St. Patricks.jpg|thumb|left|Sculpture of a young boy, thought to be Boyle, on his parents' monument in [[St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin]].]]
Having made several visits to his Irish estates beginning in 1647, Robert moved to Ireland in 1652 but became frustrated at his inability to make progress in his chemical work. In one letter, he described Ireland as "a barbarous country where chemical spirits were so misunderstood and chemical instruments so unprocurable that it was hard to have any Hermetic thoughts in it."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Silver|first1=Brian L.|title=The ascent of science|date=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-513427-8|page=114}}</ref>
In 1654, Boyle left Ireland for Oxford to pursue his work more successfully. An inscription can be found on the wall of [[University College, Oxford]], the [[High Street, Oxford|High Street]] at [[Oxford]] (now the location of the [[Shelley Memorial]]), marking the spot where Cross Hall stood until the early 19th century. It was here that Boyle rented rooms from the wealthy apothecary who owned the Hall.
Reading in 1657 of [[Otto von Guericke]]'s air pump, he set himself, with the assistance of [[Robert Hooke]], to devise improvements in its construction, and with the result, the "machina Boyleana" or "Pneumatical Engine", finished in 1659, he began a series of experiments on the properties of air and coined the term [[factitious airs]].<ref name=acottLaw/><ref name=EB1911/> An account of Boyle's work with the air pump was published in 1660 under the title ''New Experiments Physico-Mechanical, Touching the Spring of the Air, and its Effects''.<ref name=EB1911/>
Among the critics of the views put forward in this book was a [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]], [[Francis Line]] (1595–1675), and it was while answering his objections that Boyle made his first mention of [[Boyle's law|the law]] that the volume of a gas varies inversely to the pressure of the gas, which among English-speaking people is usually called Boyle's Law after his name.<ref name=EB1911/> The person who originally formulated the hypothesis was [[Henry Power]] in 1661. Boyle in 1662 included a reference to a paper written by Power, but mistakenly attributed it to [[Richard Towneley]]. In continental Europe the hypothesis is sometimes attributed to [[Edme Mariotte]], although he did not publish it until 1676 and was likely aware of Boyle's work at the time.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Brush
| first = Stephen G.
| title = The Kinetic Theory of Gases: An Anthology of Classic Papers with Historical Commentary
| publisher = [[Imperial College Press]]
| series = History of Modern Physical Sciences Vol 1
| year = 2003
| isbn = 978-1860943478
}}</ref>
[[File:Royal Society - Robert Boyle notebook.jpg|thumb|right|One of Robert Boyle's notebooks (1690-1691) held by the [[Royal Society]] of London. The Royal Society archives holds 46 volumes of philosophical, scientific and theological papers by Boyle and seven volumes of his correspondence.]]
In 1663 the Invisible College became [[The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge]], and the charter of incorporation granted by [[Charles II of England]] named Boyle a member of the council. In 1680 he was elected president of the society, but declined the honour from a scruple about oaths.<ref name=EB1911/>
He made a "wish list" of 24 possible inventions which included "the prolongation of life", the "art of flying", "perpetual light", "making armour light and extremely hard", "a ship to sail with all winds, and a ship not to be sunk", "practicable and certain way of finding longitudes", "potent drugs to alter or exalt imagination, waking, memory and other functions and appease pain, procure innocent sleep, harmless dreams, etc.". All but a few of the 24 have come true.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/7798012/Robert-Boyles-prophetic-scientific-predictions-from-the-17th-century-go-on-display-at-the-Royal-Society.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/7798012/Robert-Boyles-prophetic-scientific-predictions-from-the-17th-century-go-on-display-at-the-Royal-Society.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Robert Boyle's prophetic scientific predictions from the 17th century go on display at the Royal Society|date=3 June 2010|work=Telegraph.co.uk|access-date=24 February 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Robert Boyle's Wish list|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/7798201/Robert-Boyles-Wish-list.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/7798201/Robert-Boyles-Wish-list.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=11 October 2016|work=Telegraph.co.uk}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
== Важни радови ==
[[File:Sceptical chymist 1661 Boyle Title page AQ18 (3).jpg|thumb|right|Title page of ''The Sceptical Chymist'' (1661)]]
[[File:Boyle'sSelfFlowingFlask.png|thumb|Boyle's self-flowing flask, a [[perpetual motion machine]], appears to fill itself through [[siphon]] action ("hydrostatic perpetual motion") and involves the "hydrostatic paradox"<ref>{{cite book | title = Perpetual Motion: The History of an Obsession | author = Arthur W. J. G. Ord-Hume | publisher = Adventures Unlimited Press | year = 2006 | isbn = 1-931882-51-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=022yYXnS_GQC&q=boyle%27s-perpetual-motion-scheme&pg=PA94 }}</ref> This is not possible in reality; a siphon requires its "output" to be lower than the "input".]]
[[File:Boyle-2-2.jpg|thumb|Title page of "''New Experiments and Observations upon Cold"'' (1665)]]
The following are some of the more important of his works:<ref name=EB1911>{{EB1911|wstitle=Boyle, Robert|inline=1}}</ref>
* 1660 – ''New Experiments Physico-Mechanical: Touching the Spring of the Air and their Effects''
* 1661 – ''[[The Sceptical Chymist]]''
* 1662 – Whereunto is Added a Defence of the Authors Explication of the Experiments, Against the Obiections of [[Franciscus Linus]] and [[Thomas Hobbes]] (a book-length addendum to the second edition of ''New Experiments Physico-Mechanical'')
* 1663 – ''Considerations touching the Usefulness of Experimental Natural Philosophy'' (followed by a second part in 1671)
* 1664 – ''Experiments and Considerations Touching Colours, with Observations on a Diamond that Shines in the Dark''
* 1665 – ''New Experiments and Observations upon Cold''
* 1666 – ''Hydrostatical Paradoxes''<ref>Cf. Hunter (2009), p. 147. "It forms a kind of sequel to ''Spring of the Air'' ... but although Boyle notes he might have published it as part of an appendix to that work, it formed a self-contained whole, dealing with atmospheric pressure with particular reference to liquid masses"</ref>
* 1666 – ''Origin of Forms and Qualities according to the Corpuscular Philosophy''. (A continuation of his work on the spring of air demonstrated that a reduction in ambient pressure could lead to bubble formation in living tissue. This description of a [[Viperidae|viper]] in a [[vacuum]] was the first recorded description of [[decompression sickness]].)<ref name=acottHx>{{cite journal |last=Acott |first=C. |title=A brief history of diving and decompression illness. |journal=South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal |volume=29 |issue=2 |year=1999 |issn=0813-1988 |oclc=16986801 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/6004 |access-date=17 April 2009 }}</ref>
* 1669 – ''A Continuation of New Experiments Physico-mechanical, Touching the Spring and Weight of the Air, and Their Effects''
* 1670 – ''Tracts about the Cosmical Qualities of Things, the Temperature of the Subterraneal and Submarine Regions, the Bottom of the Sea, &tc. with an Introduction to the History of Particular Qualities''
* 1672 – ''Origin and Virtues of Gems''
* 1673 – Essays of the Strange Subtilty, Great Efficacy, Determinate Nature of Effluviums
* 1674 – Two volumes of tracts on the Saltiness of the Sea, [[Suspicions about the Hidden Realities of the Air]], Cold, Celestial Magnets
* 1674 – ''Animadversions upon Mr. Hobbes's Problemata de Vacuo''
* 1676 – Experiments and Notes about the Mechanical Origin or Production of Particular Qualities, including some notes on electricity and magnetism
* 1678 – ''Observations upon an artificial Substance that Shines without any Preceding Illustration''
* 1680 – ''The Aerial [[Noctiluca]]''
* 1682 – New Experiments and Observations upon the Icy Noctiluca (a further continuation of his work on the air)
* 1684 – ''Memoirs for the Natural History of the Human Blood''
* 1685 – Short Memoirs for the Natural Experimental History of [[Mineral Water]]s
* 1686 – ''A Free Enquiry into the Vulgarly Received Notion of Nature''
* 1690 – ''Medicina Hydrostatica''
* 1691 – ''Experimenta et Observationes Physicae''
Among his religious and philosophical writings were:
* 1648/1660 – ''Seraphic Love'', written in 1648, but not published until 1660
* 1663 – ''Some Considerations Touching the Style of the H''[''oly''] ''Scriptures''
* 1664 – ''Excellence of Theology compared with Natural Philosophy''
* 1665 – Occasional Reflections upon Several Subjects, which was ridiculed by [[Jonathan Swift|Swift]] in [[Meditation Upon a Broomstick]], and by [[Samuel Butler (1612–1680)|Butler]] in An Occasional Reflection on Dr Charlton's Feeling a Dog's Pulse at Gresham College
* 1675 – Some Considerations about the Reconcileableness of Reason and Religion, with a Discourse about the Possibility of the Resurrection
* 1687 – ''The Martyrdom of Theodora, and of Didymus''
* 1690 – ''[[The Christian Virtuoso]]''
<gallery>
File:Boyle-2.jpg|alt=|1665 copy of "New Experiments and Observations upon Cold"
File:Boyle-1.jpg|alt=|1661 copy of Boyle "Certain Physiological Essays, Written at Distant Times, and on Several Occasions"
File:Boyle-1-2.jpg|alt=|First page of "Certain Physiological Essays, Written at Distant Times, and on Several Occasions" (1661)
File:Boyle-3-1.jpg|alt=|1725 edition "The Philosophical Works of the Honourable Robert Boyle," volumes 1-3
File:Boyle-3-2.jpg|alt=|First page of a 1725 edition "The Philosophical Works of the Honourable Robert Boyle," volumes 1-3
</gallery>
== Референце ==
Линија 27 ⟶ 109:
== Литература ==
{{refbegin|2}}
* Fulton, John F., ''A Bibliography of the Honourable Robert Boyle, Fellow of the Royal Society''. Second edition. Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, 1961.
* {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Hunter|first=Michael Cyril William|title=Boyle: between God and science|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=hw0vAQAAIAAJ|year=2009|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-12381-4|pages=}}
Линија 41 ⟶ 123:
* [http://www.bbk.ac.uk/boyle/boyle_papers/boylepapers_index.htm Boyle Papers] University of London
* {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=|first= |authorlink= |title= ''Hydrostatical Paradoxes''|year=|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=i3g5AAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover|publisher= |location= |id=}}
{{refend}}
== Спољашње везе ==
{{Library resources box|by=yes|onlinebooksby=yes|viaf=51698379}}
{{
* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/boyle/ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry]
* [http://www.iep.utm.edu/boyle/ Robert Boyle], ''Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy''
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Robert Boyle}}
* [http://www.earlymoderntexts.com Readable versions of Excellence of the mechanical hypothesis, Excellence of theology, and Origin of forms and qualities]
* [http://www.bbk.ac.uk/boyle/ Robert Boyle Project, Birkbeck, University of London]
* [http://cogweb.ucla.edu/EarlyModern/Boyle_1661.html Summary juxtaposition of Boyle's ''The Sceptical Chymist'' and his ''The Christian Virtuoso'']
* [http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1997/PSCF3-97Woodall.html The Relationship between Science and Scripture in the Thought of Robert Boyle]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=nsrrMF81RHEC Robert Boyle and His Alchemical Quest : Including Boyle's "Lost" Dialogue on the Transmutation of Metals], [[Princeton University Press]], 1998, {{ISBN|0-691-05082-1}}
* Robert Boyle's (1690) [http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/color/id/28555 ''Experimenta et considerationes de coloribus''] – digital facsimile from the [[Linda Hall Library]]
{{нормативна контрола}}
{{портал бар|Биографија}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Бојл, Роберт}}
| |||