Корисник:ADprom/песак — разлика између измена
Садржај обрисан Садржај додат
Нема описа измене |
Нема описа измене |
||
Ред 28:
== Историја ==
=== Настанак ===
=== Односи са Европљанима ===
Ред 34:
It is thought that when the French first encountered the Illiniwek tribes, there were as many as 10,000 members living in a vast area stretching from Lake Michigan out to the heart of Iowa and as far south as Arkansas.<ref name=":173"/> In the 1670s, the French found a village of the Kaskaskia in the Illinois River valley (the later site of present-day Utica), a village of Peoria in present-day Iowa (near the later site of Keokuk), and a village of the Michigamea in northeast Arkansas.
The Kaskaskia village, also known as [[Grand Village of the Illinois|the Grand Village of the Illinois]], was the largest and best-known village of the Illinois tribes.<ref name="Gerald" /> In 1675 the French established a Catholic mission, called the Mission of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin, and a fur trading post near the village. The population increased to about 6,000 people in about 460 houses.<ref name=":173"/> Before long, however, Eurasian infectious diseases and the ongoing [[Beaver Wars]] brought high mortality to the Illiniwek, causing their population to plummet over the coming decades.<ref name="
The French named the area ''Pays de Illinois,'' or "[[Illinois country]]", which came to be a common name in referring to the homeland of the Illinois.<ref name=":19">{{Cite book |last=Ferguson |first=Gillum |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NUKA0OjZGL4C |title=Illinois in the War of 1812 |date=26. 1. 2012. |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=978-0-252-09455-2 |language=en}}</ref> The early French explorers, including [[Louis Jolliet]], [[Jacques Marquette]] and [[René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle]], produced accounts that documented the first discovery of the Illinois.<ref name=":132">{{Cite web |title=Illinois Tribe of the Mississippi River Valley – Legends of America |url=https://www.legendsofamerica.com/illinois-tribe/ |access-date=22. 10. 2020. |website=www.legendsofamerica.com}}</ref> Because of these developments, the Illinois tribes became well known to European explorers. European colonization, values, and religion began to affect the tribes.<ref name="Digital"/><ref name=":214">{{Cite journal |last=Bilodeau |first=Christopher |date=2001 |title="They Honor Our Lord among Themselves in Their Own Way": Colonial Christianity and the Illinois Indians |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1185857 |journal=American Indian Quarterly |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=352–377 |doi=10.1353/aiq.2001.0045 |jstor=1185857 |s2cid=161531838 |issn=0095-182X}}</ref>
Ред 45:
=== Подела ===
Some of the Illinois people's prominent enemies were the Lakota (Sioux), [[Osage Nation|Osage]], [[Pawnee people|Pawnee]], [[Sac and Fox Nation]] and [[Arikara]] to the west and the [[Quapaw]], [[Shawnee]], and [[Chickasaw]] to the south. Although these tribes were consistent threats, the Iroquois became the most pressing enemy of the Illinois beginning in the late 1600s.<ref name=":222" /> The Iroquois, looking for new hunting grounds after exhausting their own resources, killed or captured many Illinois people through their war parties.<ref name=":132"/><ref name=":222" /> This capture of land and people eventually pushed the Illinois out of the Great Lakes region and into present-day Kansas.<ref name="
Additionally, with the expansion of European and Iroquois contact, the Illinois were exposed to a variety of new diseases that caused high mortality among them.<ref name=":19" /><ref name="Gerald" /> Through war and foreign disease, the Illinois population drastically declined to a village of about 300 people by 1778.<ref name=":154"/> Pushed out by the Iroquois and Shawnee and facing more numerous European settlers, the Illinois accepted a reservation in 1832 at the [[Big Muddy River]] south of Kaskaskia. But within a few months, they ceded the rest of their territory and migrated in order to settle on a reservation in Eastern Kansas.<ref>[https://www.lib.niu.edu/2003/ih040313.html The Kaskaskia Reservation], Michael Tow, ''Illinois Heritage'', 13</ref>
In 1854, the Illinois merged with the Wea and [[Piankeshaw|Piankashaw]] nations, renaming themselves as the Confederated Peoria Tribe.<ref name="Gerald" /> In 1867, they resettled in a new reservation in Northeast Oklahoma and were eventually joined by members of the Miami Tribe, who became an official part of their new confederation in 1873. Lasting about 50 years, the United Peoria and Miami Tribe dissolved in the 1920s.<ref name="Gerald" /> The remaining members of the Peoria Confederation reorganized, seeking federal recognition by the U.S. government, and were officially acknowledged by 1978.<ref name=":132"/> The remaining descendants of the Illinois Confederation are today found within the Peoria in [[Ottawa County, Oklahoma]].<ref name="
== Култура ==
Ред 74:
The economy of the Illinois people was based on agriculture, hunting, and fishing. They depended heavily on agriculture, and generally had villages located near rivers where the soil was most fertile.<ref name=":34"/> Maize was the primary crop, but the Illinois also planted beans, squash, pumpkins, and watermelons, and gathered wild foods in the forests. Maize was planted in late spring and harvested prematurely in July, at which point most was preserved in order to prepare for the coming winter.<ref name="Digital"/> The second harvest collected ripened maize, which were eaten during warmer months.<ref name=":63"/> Fish was plentiful in the Illinois river, but the Illinois generally did not rely on fishing as sustenance.<ref name=":34" /> Hunters primarily sought bison, which were also numerous in the northern Illinois prairies.<ref name=":58"/><ref name=":34" /> Hunting expeditions set out as individuals or groups, although sometimes in communal groups in which even women were able to participate. Annual bison hunts often necessitated groups of up to 300 people.<ref name=":34" /> In bison hunts, groups would split into several groups and surround the bison on foot. When in close proximity, the hunters would shoot their arrows and spears and force the animal in the opposite direction, towards the rest of the hunting party. The women had the task of butchering the bison and would preserve the meat by drying and heating it in order to prepare for the winter, when hunting was not possible.<ref name=":63" />
At the time of European contact, the Illinois economy was largely self-sufficient. In the course of their yearly activities, the Illinois people produced virtually all of the foodstuffs and other material products they needed to maintain their way of life.<ref name=":182">{{Cite journal |date=1920 |title=The Building of a State: The Story of Illinois: A Lecture by A. Milo Bennett, Delivered before the Press Club of Chicago, August 7, 1918 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40194478 |journal=Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=324–354 |jstor=40194478 |issn=0019-2287}}</ref> However, the Illinois also participated in an extensive trading network. In exchange for hides, furs, and human slaves obtained from tribes living to their south and west, the Illinois traded with Great Lakes tribes and French traders for guns and other European goods.<ref name=":114">{{Cite book |last=Rogers |first=Gerald A. |title=The changing Illinois Indians under European influence: The split Between the Kaskaskia and Peoria |publisher=West Virginia University |year=2009}}</ref> As time passed, traders and missionaries began to settle among the Illinois and their formerly self-sufficient economy became increasingly dependent upon their French allies.<ref name="
The Illinois seasonally lived in wigwams and longhouses, depending on the weather and the resources available to them. Like most other tribes, they lived in villages with dwellings that were occupied by a number of different families.
Ред 89:
=== Насеља ===
There are conflicting reports as to the number of villages and populations of the Illinois, both among the tribes and as a whole.<ref name="
== Извори ==
| |||