Корисник:ADprom/песак — разлика између измена
Садржај обрисан Садржај додат
Нема описа измене |
Нема описа измене |
||
Ред 28:
== Историја ==
=== Настанак ===
Илиноиси су били подељени на 12 племена која су делила заједнички језик и културу. То су Каскаскија, Кахокија, Пеорија, Тамароа, Моингвена, Мичигамеја, Чепуса, Чинкоа, Коракоенитанон, Еспеминкија, Мароа и Тапуаро.<ref name=":154">{{Cite journal |last=Sweatman |first=Dennis |date=2010 |title=Comparing the Modern Native American Presence in Illinois with Other States of the Old Northwest Territory |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41201286 |journal=Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society |volume=103 |issue=3/4 |pages=252–315 |jstor=41201286 |issn=1522-1067}}</ref> Од ових 12, до данашњег дана су преостала само племена Кахокија, Каскаскија, Мичигамеја, Пеорија и Тамароа; остала су нестала као посебна племена због ратова и заразних болести.<ref name="IlliFacts">{{Cite web |last=Yost |first=Author Russell |date=3. 4. 2018. |title=Illinois Confederacy Facts |url=https://thehistoryjunkie.com/illinois-confederacy-facts/ |access-date=22. 10. 2020. |website=The History Junkie |language=en}}</ref><ref name="
=== Односи са Европљанима ===
[[Датотека:Painted Skin representing the thunderbird.jpg|мини|Painted Skin representing the [[Thunderbird (mythology)|Thunderbird]]. Pre-1800, location not given, but the style strongly suggests this hide was painted at the same time, and perhaps by the same artist, as the lede art.]]
Сматра се да је у тренутку када су Французи први пут сусрели Илиноисе, њих било чак 10.000. Живели су на огромном подручју које се протезало од језера [[Мичиген (језеро)|Мичиген]] до [[Ајова|Ајове]] и на југу до [[Арканзас]]а.<ref name="Powers"/> Французи су 1670-их открили село племена Каскаскија у долини реке [[Илиноис (река)|Илиноис]] (на чијем месту је касније настала данашња [[Норт Јутика (Илиноис)|Утика]]), село племена Пеорија у Ајови (близу данашњег града [[Киокак (Ајова)|Киокак]]) и село племена Мичигамеја на североистоку Арканзаса.
Село племена Каскаскија, које је познато под именом Велико село Илиноиса, било је највеће и најпознатије илиноишко село.<ref name="Gerald" /> Французи су у близини села 1675. основали католичку мисију, названу „Мисија Безгрешног зачећа Блажене Девице”, и трговинску постају за трговину крзном. Становништво села се повећало на око 6.000 људи у око 460 кућа.<ref name="Powers"/> Убрзо, међутим, евроазијске заразне болести и „[[Француски и ирокешки ратови]]” довели су до значајног раста [[Стопа смртности|стопе смртности]] Илиноиса, због чега је њихова популација драматично смањена у наредним деценијама.<ref name="IlliFacts"/><ref name="Building18" />
The French named the area ''Pays de Illinois,'' or "[[Illinois country]]", which came to be a common name in referring to the homeland of the Illinois.<ref name=":19">{{Cite book |last=Ferguson |first=Gillum |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NUKA0OjZGL4C |title=Illinois in the War of 1812 |date=26. 1. 2012. |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=978-0-252-09455-2 |language=en}}</ref> The early French explorers, including [[Louis Jolliet]], [[Jacques Marquette]] and [[René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle]], produced accounts that documented the first discovery of the Illinois.<ref name=":132">{{Cite web |title=Illinois Tribe of the Mississippi River Valley – Legends of America |url=https://www.legendsofamerica.com/illinois-tribe/ |access-date=22. 10. 2020. |website=www.legendsofamerica.com}}</ref> Because of these developments, the Illinois tribes became well known to European explorers. European colonization, values, and religion began to affect the tribes.<ref name="Digital"/><ref name=":214">{{Cite journal |last=Bilodeau |first=Christopher |date=2001 |title="They Honor Our Lord among Themselves in Their Own Way": Colonial Christianity and the Illinois Indians |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1185857 |journal=American Indian Quarterly |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=352–377 |doi=10.1353/aiq.2001.0045 |jstor=1185857 |s2cid=161531838 |issn=0095-182X}}</ref>
Линија 40 ⟶ 41:
In the late 17th century, the Iroquois, to expand their region and control the fur trade, forced the Kaskaskia and other Illinois out of their villages. They relocated to the south.<ref name="Gerald" /> Although the Illinois fought back against their primary enemy at the time, the wars scattered and killed many of their members. Eventually they reclaimed some of their lands.<ref name=":222">{{Cite journal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40204687 |access-date=23. 11. 2020. |journal=Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society |jstor = 40204687 |language=en |last1 = Walczynski |first1 = Mark |title = The Starved Rock Massacre of 1769: Fact or Fiction |year = 2007 |volume = 100 |issue = 3 |pages = 215–236}}</ref>
In the early 1700s, the Illinois became involved in the conflict between the [[Meskwaki]], also known as "Fox", and the French, known as the [[Fox Wars]].<ref name=":19" /><ref name="
By the mid 1700s, the 12 or 13 tribes of the Confederation had dwindled to five: the Cahokia, Kaskaskia, Michigamea, Peoria, and Tamaroa.<ref name="Gerald" /><ref name=":222" /> European diseases drastically reduced the numbers of the Illinois. The wars had arisen due to the conflicts between tribes for resources and trade goods, or were initiated by European explorers looking to expand their land.<!-- repetitious --><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":222" /> The remaining descendants of the Illinois Confederation have merged with the Peoria and are known as the Peoria Tribe of Indians and reside in Ottawa County, Oklahoma.<ref name="illiniwek-confederation"/><ref name="Gerald" />
Линија 58 ⟶ 59:
=== Улоге полова ===
Like most Native American tribes, the men of the Illinois were mainly hunters and warriors while the women had domestic and agricultural roles. However, records show that some women also had positions of leadership, including those for ritualistic purposes.<ref name=":34">{{Cite web |title=Illinois |url=http://www.tolatsga.org/ill.html |access-date=23. 10. 2020. |website=www.tolatsga.org}}</ref><ref name="Digital"/> Amidst a [[Polygamy|polygamous]] society, the first wives held superiority in their families, and held leadership roles in the household. Additionally, some women were shamans and priests, thus holding great power in the community. They enacted powers that could lead to death, and were thus both revered and feared by both men and women.<ref name="Digital"/><ref name="
Outside of stereotypical social roles, some Illinois men played out the roles of women, likening their appearance to them. These people were called the Ikoneta, and referred to by the French as berdache. Current ethnographers considers the Ikoneta to have been bisexual. While these roles were more deliberate, young boys that demonstrated feminine tendencies were brought up as girls in both outerwear and domestic roles. As according to culture, they were tattooed and taught the language patterns that were specific to women.<ref name=":58">{{Cite web |title=THE ILLINI: LORDS OF THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY |url=http://rfester.tripod.com/ |access-date=13. 10. 2020. |website=rfester.tripod.com}}</ref>
Линија 74 ⟶ 75:
The economy of the Illinois people was based on agriculture, hunting, and fishing. They depended heavily on agriculture, and generally had villages located near rivers where the soil was most fertile.<ref name=":34"/> Maize was the primary crop, but the Illinois also planted beans, squash, pumpkins, and watermelons, and gathered wild foods in the forests. Maize was planted in late spring and harvested prematurely in July, at which point most was preserved in order to prepare for the coming winter.<ref name="Digital"/> The second harvest collected ripened maize, which were eaten during warmer months.<ref name=":63"/> Fish was plentiful in the Illinois river, but the Illinois generally did not rely on fishing as sustenance.<ref name=":34" /> Hunters primarily sought bison, which were also numerous in the northern Illinois prairies.<ref name=":58"/><ref name=":34" /> Hunting expeditions set out as individuals or groups, although sometimes in communal groups in which even women were able to participate. Annual bison hunts often necessitated groups of up to 300 people.<ref name=":34" /> In bison hunts, groups would split into several groups and surround the bison on foot. When in close proximity, the hunters would shoot their arrows and spears and force the animal in the opposite direction, towards the rest of the hunting party. The women had the task of butchering the bison and would preserve the meat by drying and heating it in order to prepare for the winter, when hunting was not possible.<ref name=":63" />
At the time of European contact, the Illinois economy was largely self-sufficient. In the course of their yearly activities, the Illinois people produced virtually all of the foodstuffs and other material products they needed to maintain their way of life.<ref name="
The Illinois seasonally lived in wigwams and longhouses, depending on the weather and the resources available to them. Like most other tribes, they lived in villages with dwellings that were occupied by a number of different families.
Линија 82 ⟶ 83:
=== Влада ===
Although specific dates are unknown, the Illinois Confederation had at one time been one large nation without any divisions of smaller tribes. They were divided into smaller groups once their population proved to be too large to meet effective hunting and agricultural needs.<ref name="
Though chiefs had the authority of political power and were widely respected by the people, the egalitarian society of the Ilinois presented a more democratic environment in which important decisions that effected the community were made by tribal consensus. It was only through the expansion of European ideals and direct contact with French officials that influenced the chiefs to wield greater power over their people. By the 1760s, the rise of a new chief had to be approved by colonial authorities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Native Americans:Historic:The Illinois:Society |url=http://www.museum.state.il.us/muslink/nat_amer/post/htmls/il_soc.html |access-date=24. 10. 2020. |website=www.museum.state.il.us}}</ref>
| |||