Bulbul

Bulbuli su familija, Pycnonotidae, ptica pevačica srednje veličine. Porodica je raspoređena u većem delu Afrike i na Bliskom istoku, tropskoj Aziji do Indonezije i severno do Japana. Domovina bulbula je Irak. Nekoliko ostrvskih vrsta se pojavljuje na tropskim ostrvima Indijskog okeana. Postoji preko 150 vrsta u 27 rodova. Dok se neke vrste nalaze u većini staništa, afričke vrste se uglavnom nalaze u prašumi. Međutim, vrste iz kišnih šuma su retke u Aziji, i azijske bulbuli preferiraju otvorenije prostore.

Bulbul
Hypsipetes amaurotis
Naučna klasifikacija
Domen:	Eukaryota
Carstvo:	Animalia
Tip:	Chordata
Klasa:	Aves
Red:	Passeriformes
Infrared:	Passerida
Porodica:	Pycnonotidae Gray, GR, 1840
Rodovi
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Sinonimi
Brachypodidae Swainson, 1831 Trichophoridae Swainson, 1831 Ixosidae Bonaparte, 1838 Hypsipetidae Bonaparte, 1854 Crinigeridae Bonaparte, 1854 (1831) Phyllastrephidae Milne-Edwards & Grandidier, 1879 Tyladidae Oberholser, 1917 Spizixidae Oberholser, 1919

Taksonomija i sistematika

Etimologija

Reč bulbul je izvedena iz persijskog i arapskog (بلبل), sa značenjem slavuj, mada se bulbul odnosi na vrabaste ptice različite familije.

Rodovi

Trenutno je definisano 27 rodova:

Spizixos semitorques

Pycnonotus jocosus

• Rod Nok
• Rod Spizixos – (2 vrste)
• Rod Pycnonotus – (49 vrsta)
• Rod Arizelocichla – (12 vrsta)
• Rod Stelgidillas
• Rod Eurillas – (5 vrsta)
• Rod Andropadus
• Rod Calyptocichla
• Rod Baeopogon – (2 vrste)
• Rod Ixonotus
• Rod Chlorocichla – (5 vrsta)
• Rod Atimastillas
• Rod Thescelocichla
• Rod Phyllastrephus – (21 vrsta)
• Rod Bleda – (4 species)
• Rod Criniger – (5 vrsta)
• Rod Alophoixus – (7 vrsta)
• Rod Acritillas
• Rod Setornis
• Rod Tricholestes
• Rod Iole – (6 vrsta)
• Rod Ixos – (4 vrste)
• Rod Thapsinillas – (3 vrste)
• Rod Hemixos – (3 vrste)
• Rod Hypsipetes – (15 izumrlih i 1 postojeća vrsta)
• Rod Cerasophila
• Rod Neolestes

Vrste

• Acritillas indica (Jerdon, 1839)
• Alophoixus bres (Lesson, 1831)
• Alophoixus finschii (Salvadori, 1871)
• Alophoixus flaveolus (Gould, 1836)
• Alophoixus frater (Sharpe, 1877)
• Alophoixus ochraceus (Moore, 1854)
• Alophoixus pallidus (Swinhoe, 1870)
• Alophoixus phaeocephalus (Hartlaub, 1844)
• Andropadus importunus (Vieillot, 1818)
• Arizelocichla chlorigula (Reichenow, 1899)
• Arizelocichla fusciceps (Shelley, 1893)
• Arizelocichla kakamegae (Sharpe, 1900)
• Arizelocichla kikuyuensis (Sharpe, 1891)
• Arizelocichla masukuensis (Shelley, 1897)
• Arizelocichla milanjensis (Shelley, 1894)
• Arizelocichla montana (Reichenow, 1892)
• Arizelocichla neumanni Hartert, 1922
• Arizelocichla nigriceps (Shelley, 1889)
• Arizelocichla olivaceiceps (Shelley, 1896)
• Arizelocichla striifacies (Reichenow & Neumann, 1895)
• Arizelocichla tephrolaema (G. R. Gray, 1862)
• Atimastillas flavicollis (Swainson, 1837)
• Baeopogon clamans (Sjöstedt, 1893)
• Baeopogon indicator (J. Verreaux & E. Verreaux, 1855)
• Bleda canicapillus (Hartlaub, 1854)
• Bleda eximius (Hartlaub, 1855)
• Bleda notatus (Cassin, 1856)
• Bleda syndactylus (Swainson, 1837)
• Calyptocichla serinus (J. Verreaux & E. Verreaux, 1855)
• Cerasophila thompsoni Bingham, 1900
• Chlorocichla falkensteini (Reichenow, 1874)
• Chlorocichla flaviventris (A. Smith, 1834)
• Chlorocichla laetissima (Sharpe, 1899)
• Chlorocichla prigoginei De Roo, 1967
• Chlorocichla simplex (Hartlaub, 1855)
• Criniger barbatus (Temminck, 1821)
• Criniger calurus (Cassin, 1856)
• Criniger chloronotus (Cassin, 1859)
• Criniger ndussumensis Reichenow, 1904
• Criniger olivaceus (Swainson, 1837)
• Eurillas ansorgei (Hartert, 1907)
• Eurillas curvirostris (Cassin, 1859)
• Eurillas gracilis (Cabanis, 1880)
• Eurillas latirostris (Strickland, 1844)
• Eurillas virens (Cassin, 1857)
• Hemixos castanonotus Swinhoe, 1870
• Hemixos cinereus (Blyth, 1845)
• Hemixos flavala Blyth, 1845
• Hypsipetes amaurotis (Temminck, 1830)
• Hypsipetes borbonicus (J. R. Forster, 1781)
• Hypsipetes crassirostris E. Newton, 1867
• Hypsipetes everetti (Tweeddale, 1877)
• Hypsipetes ganeesa Sykes, 1832
• Hypsipetes guimarasensis (Steere, 1890)
• Hypsipetes leucocephalus (Gmelin, 1789)
• Hypsipetes madagascariensis (Statius Muller, 1776)
• Hypsipetes mindorensis (Steere, 1890)
• Hypsipetes moheliensis (Benson, 1960)
• Hypsipetes olivaceus Jardine & Selby, 1837
• Hypsipetes parvirostris Milne-Edwards & Oustalet, 1885
• Hypsipetes philippinus (J. R. Forster, 1795)
• Hypsipetes rufigularis (Sharpe, 1877)
• Hypsipetes siquijorensis (Steere, 1890)
• Iole olivacea Blyth, 1844
• Iole palawanensis (Tweeddale, 1878)
• Iole propinqua (Oustalet, 1903)
• Iole virescens Blyth, 1845
• Ixonotus guttatus J. Verreaux & E. Verreaux, 1851
• Ixos malaccensis (Blyth, 1845)
• Ixos mcclellandii (Horsfield, 1840)
• Ixos nicobariensis (Moore, 1854)
• Ixos virescens Temminck, 1825
• Malia grata Schlegel, 1880
• Neolestes torquatus Cabanis, 1875
• Phyllastrephus albigula (Grote, 1919)
• Phyllastrephus albigularis (Sharpe, 1882)
• Phyllastrephus alfredi (Shelley, 1903)
• Phyllastrephus baumanni Reichenow, 1895
• Phyllastrephus cabanisi (Sharpe, 1882)
• Phyllastrephus cerviniventris Shelley, 1894
• Phyllastrephus debilis (W. L. Sclater, 1899)
• Phyllastrephus fischeri (Reichenow, 1879)
• Phyllastrephus flavostriatus (Sharpe, 1876)
• Phyllastrephus fulviventris Cabanis, 1876
• Phyllastrephus hypochloris (Jackson, 1906)
• Phyllastrephus icterinus (Bonaparte, 1850)
• Phyllastrephus leucolepis Gatter, 1985
• Phyllastrephus lorenzi Sassi, 1914
• Phyllastrephus placidus (Shelley, 1889)
• Phyllastrephus poensis Alexander, 1903
• Phyllastrephus poliocephalus (Reichenow, 1892)
• Phyllastrephus scandens Swainson, 1837
• Phyllastrephus strepitans (Reichenow, 1879)
• Phyllastrephus terrestris Swainson, 1837
• Phyllastrephus xavieri (Oustalet, 1892)
• Pycnonotus atriceps (Temminck, 1822)
• Pycnonotus aurigaster (Vieillot, 1818)
• Pycnonotus barbatus (Desfontaines, 1789)
• Pycnonotus bimaculatus (Horsfield, 1821)
• Pycnonotus blanfordi Jerdon, 1862
• Pycnonotus brunneus Blyth, 1845
• Pycnonotus cafer (Linnaeus, 1766)
• Pycnonotus capensis (Linnaeus, 1766)
• Pycnonotus cinereifrons (Tweeddale, 1878)
• Pycnonotus cyaniventris Blyth, 1842
• Pycnonotus dispar (Horsfield, 1821)
• Pycnonotus dodsoni Sharpe, 1895
• Pycnonotus erythropthalmos (Hume, 1878)
• Pycnonotus eutilotus (Jardine & Selby, 1837)
• Pycnonotus finlaysoni Strickland, 1844
• Pycnonotus flavescens Blyth, 1845
• Pycnonotus flaviventris (Tickell, 1833)
• Pycnonotus fuscoflavescens (Hume, 1873)
• Pycnonotus goiavier (Scopoli, 1786)
• Pycnonotus gularis (Gould, 1836)
• Pycnonotus hualon I. A. Woxvold, J. W. Duckworth & R. J. Timmins, 2009
• Pycnonotus jocosus (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Pycnonotus leucogenys (J. E. Gray, 1835)
• Pycnonotus leucogrammicus (S. Muller, 1836)
• Pycnonotus leucotis (Gould, 1836)
• Pycnonotus luteolus (Lesson, 1841)
• Pycnonotus melanicterus (Gmelin, 1789)
• Pycnonotus melanoleucos (Eyton, 1839)
• Pycnonotus montis (Sharpe, 1879)
• Pycnonotus nieuwenhuisii (Finsch, 1901)
• Pycnonotus nigricans (Vieillot, 1818)
• Pycnonotus penicillatus Blyth, 1851
• Pycnonotus plumosus Blyth, 1845
• Pycnonotus priocephalus (Jerdon, 1839)
• Pycnonotus simplex Lesson, 1839
• Pycnonotus sinensis (Gmelin, 1789)
• Pycnonotus somaliensis Reichenow, 1905
• Pycnonotus squamatus (Temminck, 1828)
• Pycnonotus striatus (Blyth, 1842)
• Pycnonotus taivanus Styan, 1893
• Pycnonotus tricolor (Hartlaub, 1862)
• Pycnonotus tympanistrigus (S. Muller, 1836)
• Pycnonotus urostictus (Salvadori, 1870)
• Pycnonotus xantholaemus (Jerdon, 1845)
• Pycnonotus xanthopygos (Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1833)
• Pycnonotus xanthorrhous Anderson, 1869
• Pycnonotus zeylanicus (Gmelin, 1789)
• Setornis criniger Lesson, 1839
• Spizixos canifrons Blyth, 1845
• Spizixos semitorques Swinhoe, 1861
• Stelgidillas gracilirostris (Strickland, 1844)
• Thapsinillas affinis (Hombron & Jacquinot, 1841)
• Thapsinillas longirostris (Wallace, 1863)
• Thapsinillas mysticalis (Wallace, 1863)
• Thescelocichla leucopleura (Cassin, 1855)
• Tricholestes criniger (Blyth, 1845)

Literatura

• Beresford, P.; Barker, F.K.; Ryan, P.G.; Crowe, T.M. (2005). „African endemics span the tree of songbirds (Passeri): molecular systematics of several evolutionary 'enigmas'”. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B. 272 (1565): 849—858. PMC 1599865 . PMID 15888418. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2997. 
• Cibois, Alice (2001). „AN ENDEMIC RADIATION OF MALAGASY SONGBIRDS IS REVEALED BY MITOCHONDRIAL DNA SEQUENCE DATA”. Evolution. 55: 1198. doi:10.1554/0014-3820(2001)055[1198:AEROMS]2.0.CO;2. 
• Delacour, J (1943). „A revision of the genera and species of the family Pycnonotidae (bulbuls)”. Zoologica. 28 (1): 17—28. 
• Fishpool L. & Tobias J. (2005) "Family Pycnonotidae (Bulbuls) in del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A. & Christie D. (editors). (2005). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 10: Cuckoo-Shrikes to Thrushes. Lynx Edicions. ISBN 84-87334-72-5
• Moyle, Robert G. (2006). „Phylogenetic relationships of the bulbuls (Aves: Pycnonotidae) based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data”. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 40: 687—695. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.04.015. 
• Pasquet, Éric; Han, Lian-Xian; Khobkhet, Obhas; Cibois, Alice (2001). „Towards a molecular systematics of the genus Criniger, and a preliminary phylogeny of the bulbuls (Aves, Passeriformes, Pycnonotidae)” (PDF). Zoosystema. 23 (4): 857—863. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 16. 8. 2009. г. Приступљено 12. 1. 2007. 

Spoljašnje veze

• Bulbul photos and videos on the Internet Bird Collection
• Family characters