Pokret za građanska prava
Pokret za građanska prava (engl. Civil rights movement) je izraz kojim se u kontekstu istorije SAD označavaju nastojanja da se propagandom, agitacijom, demonstracijama, političkim lobiranjem i brojnim drugim, u pravilu nenasilnim akcijama kao što su demonstracije i bojkoti, izbore građanska prava za pripadnike crne, odnosno afroameričke zajednice u SAD, te ukine dotada institucionalna rasna segregacija i diskriminacija, te afroamerički državljani SAD izjednače u svojim pravima sa većinskim belcima.
U užem smislu se pod tim podrazumeva kampanja koja se od sredine 1950-ih do kraja 1960-ih vodila, pretežno u državama američkog Juga, sa ciljem da se ukinu tzv. zakoni Džima Kroua koji su na razne, najčešće posredne načine, crnom stanovništvu sprečavali politički angažman, propisivala de jure rasna segracija, a crnačko stanovništvo de facto stavljalo u neravnopravan i podređen socioekonomski položaj. Ona je pod vodstvom crnog baptističkog svećenika Martina Lutera Kinga, uprkos izrazitog neprijateljstva Demokratske stranke koja je dominirala američkim Jugom, a u nekim slučajevima i nasilnih i terorističkih akcija od strane lokalnih rasista,[1] s vremenom uspela steći široku podršku te sredinom 1960-ih podstaknuti Džonsonovu federalnu administraciju i Kongres da donesu niz dalekosežnih zakona kojima su zakoni Džima Kroua ukinuti.[2] Tako je afroameričko stanovništvo u SAD u formalnom smislu potpuno izjednačeno s belim, ali su Kingova kasnija nastojanja da se položaj crnaca poboljša u ekonomskom pogledu doživela neuspeh,[3] odnosno koincidirala s nizom krvavih rasnih nereda i radikalizacijom unutar same crnačke zajednice koja će dodatno eskalirati nakon Kingovog ubistva 1968. godine. Uprkos tome, uspeh tog pokreta često se uspoređuje s dostignućima ranijeg pokreta za indijsku nezavisnost, odnosno dokazom kako se i najradikalnija društvena promena može postići mirnim putem, pa su brojni slični pokreti uzimali njega kao uzor, a za što je najnoviji primer pokret za LGBT prava.
Pokret za građanska prava u SAD se često smešta u širi kontekst globalnog pokreta za građanska prava koji od sredine 20. veka postoji u gotovo svim zemljama sveta. Mnoge popularne reprezentacije pokreta usredsređene su na harizmatično vođstvo i filozofiju Martina Lutera Kinga mlađeg, koji je dobio Nobelovu nagradu za mir 1964. godine za ulogu u nenasilnom moralnom vođstvu. Međutim, neki naučnici primećuju da je pokret bio previše raznolik da bi se mogao pripisati bilo kojoj osobi, organizaciji ili strategiji.[4]
Vidi još
уредиReference
уреди- ^ II, Vann R. Newkirk. „How 'The Blood of Emmett Till' Still Stains America Today”. The Atlantic. Архивирано из оригинала 28. 7. 2017. г. Приступљено 3. 7. 2017.
- ^ „Civil Rights Act of 1964 – CRA – Title VII – Equal Employment Opportunities – 42 US Code Chapter 21 – findUSlaw”. Архивирано из оригинала 29. 12. 2011. г. Приступљено 29. 7. 2016.
- ^ Haines, Herbert H. (1995). Black Radicals and the Civil Rights Mainstream, 1954–1970 (на језику: енглески). University of Tennessee Press. стр. 98—118. ISBN 978-1-57233-260-7.
- ^ Timothy B. Tyson, "Robert F. Williams, 'Black Power,' and the Roots of the African American Freedom Struggle," Journal of American History 85, No. 2 (September 1998): 540–570
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- Cox, Julian. Road to Freedom: Photographs of the Civil Rights Movement, 1956–1968, Atlanta: High Museum of Art, 2008.
- Ellis, Sylvia. Freedom's Pragmatist: Lyndon Johnson and Civil Rights. U Press. (of Florida, 2013).
- Fairclough, Adam (1987). To Redeem the Soul of America: The Southern Christian Leadership Conference & Martin Luther King. The University of Georgia Press.
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- Greene, Christina. Our Separate Ways: Women and the Black Freedom Movement in Durham. North Carolina. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005.
- Hine, Darlene Clark, ed. Black Women in America (3 Vol. 2nd ed. 2005; several multivolume editions). Short biographies by scholars.
- Horne, Gerald (1995). The Fire This Time: The Watts Uprising and the 1960s. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. ISBN 0-306-80792-0. Da Capo Press; 1st Da Capo Press ed edition. October 1, 1997.
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- Kryn, Randall L. "James L. Bevel, The Strategist of the 1960s Civil Rights Movement", 1984 paper with 1988 addendum, printed in We Shall Overcome, Volume II edited by David Garrow, New York: Carlson Publishing Co., 1989.
- Lowery, Charles D (1992). Encyclopedia of African-American civil rights: from emancipation to the present. Greenwood.
- Marable, Manning (1984). Race, Reform and Rebellion: The Second Reconstruction in Black America, 1945–1982. University Press. ISBN 0-87805-225-9.. 249 pages. of Mississippi
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- Minchin, Timothy J. (1999). University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-2470-4 https://books.google.com/books?id=hb3ETCCaWV4C. Недостаје или је празан параметар
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(помоћ) - Morris, Aldon D (1984). The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement: Black Communities Organizing for Change. New York: The Free Press. ISBN 0-02-922130-7.
- Ogletree, Charles J. Jr. (2004). All Deliberate Speed: Reflections on the First Half Century of Brown v. Board of Education. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-05897-0.
- Payne, Charles M. (16. 3. 2007). I've Got the Light of Freedom: The Organizing Tradition and the Mississippi Freedom Struggle. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520251762.
- Patterson, James T. Patterson, James T. (март 2001). Brown v. Board of Education: A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-515632-3. . . Oxford University Press, 2002.
- Raiford, Leigh (2011). %5bhttps://web.archive.org/web/20160822225520/http://uncpress.unc.edu/browse/book_detail?title_id=1771 Архивирано%5d на сајту %5b%5bWayback Machine%5d%5d (22. август 2016) Imprisoned in a Luminous Glare: Photography and the African American Freedom Struggle Проверите вредност параметра
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(помоћ). U of North Carolina Press.. - Richardson, Christopher M.; Ralph E. Luker, ур. (2014). Historical Dictionary of the Civil Rights Movement (2nd ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8108-8037-5.
- Sitkoff, Howard. The Struggle for Black Equality (2nd ed. 2008)
- Smith, Jessie Carney, ed. Encyclopedia of African American Business. (2 vol. Greenwood 2006). Jackson, Millicent Lownes; Wynn, Linda T. (2006). Encyclopedia of African American Business. Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313014543.
- Sokol, Jason. There Goes My Everything: White Southerners in the Age of Civil Rights, 1945–1975. (Knopf, 2006).
- Tsesis, Alexander (октобар 2008). We Shall Overcome: A History of Civil Rights and the Law. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11837-7.
- Tuck, Stephen. We Ain't What We Ought to Be: The Black Freedom Struggle from Emancipation to Obama (2011).
- Armstrong, Julie Buckner, ур. (2015). The Cambridge Companion to American Civil Rights Literature. Cambridge University Press. стр. xxiv, 209. ISBN 978-1-316-24038-0.
- Catsam, Derek (januar 2008). „The Civil Rights Movement and the Presidency in the Hot Years of the Cold War: A Historical and Historiographical Assessment”. History Compass. 6 (1): 314—344. doi:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2007.00486.x.
- Cha-Jua, Sundiata Keita; Lang, Clarence (proleće 2007). „The 'Long Movement' as Vampire: Temporal and Spatial Fallacies in Recent Black Freedom Studies”. The Journal of African American History. 92 (2): 265—288. S2CID 140436349. doi:10.1086/JAAHv92n2p265.
- Eagles, Charles W. (novembar 2000). „Toward New Histories of the Civil Rights Era”. The Journal of Southern History. 66 (4): 815—848. JSTOR 2588012. doi:10.2307/2588012.
- Fairclough, Adam (decembar 1990). „Historians and the Civil Rights Movement”. Journal of American Studies. 24 (3): 387—398. S2CID 145576332. doi:10.1017/S0021875800033697.
- Frost, Jennifer (maj 2012). „Using 'Master Narratives' to Teach History: The Case of the Civil Rights Movement” (PDF). History Teacher. 45 (3): 437—446.
- Hall, Jacquelyn Dowd (mart 2005). „The Long Civil Rights Movement and the Political Uses of the Past” (PDF). The Journal of American History. 91 (4): 1233—1263. JSTOR 3660172. doi:10.2307/3660172. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 27. 07. 2019. г. Приступљено 04. 09. 2019.
- Lawson, Steven F. (април 1991). „Freedom Then, Freedom Now: The Historiography of the Civil Rights Movement”. The American Historical Review. 96 (2): 456—471. JSTOR 2163219. doi:10.2307/2163219.
- Lawson, Steven F.; Payne, Charles M. (1998). Debating the Civil Rights Movement, 1945–1968. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8476-9053-4.
- Lawson, Steven F. (2003). Civil Rights Crossroads: Nation, Community, and the Black Freedom Struggle. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-2693-7.
- Payne, Charles M. (2007). „Bibliographic Essay: The Social Construction of History”. I've Got the Light of Freedom: The Organizing Tradition and the Mississippi Freedom Struggle. University of California Press. стр. 413—442. ISBN 978-0-520-25176-2.
- Robinson, Armstead L.; Sullivan, Patricia, ур. (1991). New Directions in Civil Rights Studies. University of Virginia Press. ISBN 978-0-8139-1319-3.
- Sandage, Scott A. (jun 1993). „A Marble House Divided: The Lincoln Memorial, the Civil Rights Movement, and the Politics of Memory, 1939–1963” (PDF). The Journal of American History. 80 (1): 135—167. JSTOR 2079700. doi:10.2307/2079700. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 2. 4. 2015. г.
- Strickland, Arvarh E.; Weems, Robert E., ур. (2001). The African American Experience: An Historiographical and Bibliographical Guide. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-29838-7.
- Zamalin, Alex (2015). African American Political Thought and American Culture: The Nation's Struggle for Racial Justice. Springer. стр. xii, 192. ISBN 978-1-137-52810-0.
- Carson, Clayborne; Garrow, David J.; Kovach, Bill; Polsgrove, Carol, eds. Reporting Civil Rights: American Journalism 1941–1963 and Reporting Civil Rights: American Journalism 1963–1973. ISBN 1-931082-28-6.. New York: Library of America, 2003. and ISBN 1-931082-29-4.
- Dann, Jim (2013). Challenging the Mississippi Firebombers, Memories of Mississippi 1964–65. Baraka Books. ISBN 978-1-926824-87-1.
- Holsaert, Faith S. (30. 9. 2010). Hands on the Freedom Plow Personal Accounts by Women in SNCC. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780252035579.
- Malcolm X (with the assistance of Alex Haley). The Autobiography of Malcolm X. ISBN 0-345-35068-5.. New York: Random House, 1965. Paperback . Hardcover ISBN 0-345-37975-6.
Spoljašnje veze
уреди- Civil Rights Digital Library Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (3. јун 2009) – Provided by the Digital Library of Georgia.
- Civil Rights Movement Veterans ~ Provides movement history, personal stories, documents, and photos. Hosted by Tougaloo College.
- Civil Rights in America – Provided by The National Archives of the United Kingdom.
- Television News of the Civil Rights Era 1950–1970 – Provided by the University of Virginia.
- The Civil Rights Era – Part of The African American Odyssey: A Quest for Full Citizenship presentation.
- Voices of Civil Rights – A project with the collaboration of AARP and the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights (LCCR).
- We Shall Overcome: Historic Places of the Civil Rights Movement – Provided by the National Park Service.
- "Teaching the Movement: The State Standards We Deserve" – Part of "Teaching Tolerance" project published on September 19, 2011.
- "Teaching Tolerance Publishes Guide for Teaching the Civil Rights Movement" – Part of "Teaching Tolerance" project published on March 26, 2014.
- "Teaching the Movement 2014: The State of Civil Rights Education in the United States" – Part of "Teaching Tolerance" project published in 2014.
- Civil Rights Teaching – Provided by Teaching for Change, a 501(c)(3) organization.
- SNCC Digital Gateway