Pokret za građanska prava

Pokret za građanska prava (engl. Civil rights movement) je izraz kojim se u kontekstu istorije SAD označavaju nastojanja da se propagandom, agitacijom, demonstracijama, političkim lobiranjem i brojnim drugim, u pravilu nenasilnim akcijama kao što su demonstracije i bojkoti, izbore građanska prava za pripadnike crne, odnosno afroameričke zajednice u SAD, te ukine dotada institucionalna rasna segregacija i diskriminacija, te afroamerički državljani SAD izjednače u svojim pravima sa većinskim belcima.

Glavne ličnosti pokreta za građanska prava: Vilijam Edvard Bergart, Malkolm Iks, Roza Parks, Martin Luter King

U užem smislu se pod tim podrazumeva kampanja koja se od sredine 1950-ih do kraja 1960-ih vodila, pretežno u državama američkog Juga, sa ciljem da se ukinu tzv. zakoni Džima Kroua koji su na razne, najčešće posredne načine, crnom stanovništvu sprečavali politički angažman, propisivala de jure rasna segracija, a crnačko stanovništvo de facto stavljalo u neravnopravan i podređen socioekonomski položaj. Ona je pod vodstvom crnog baptističkog svećenika Martina Lutera Kinga, uprkos izrazitog neprijateljstva Demokratske stranke koja je dominirala američkim Jugom, a u nekim slučajevima i nasilnih i terorističkih akcija od strane lokalnih rasista,^[1] s vremenom uspela steći široku podršku te sredinom 1960-ih podstaknuti Džonsonovu federalnu administraciju i Kongres da donesu niz dalekosežnih zakona kojima su zakoni Džima Kroua ukinuti.^[2] Tako je afroameričko stanovništvo u SAD u formalnom smislu potpuno izjednačeno s belim, ali su Kingova kasnija nastojanja da se položaj crnaca poboljša u ekonomskom pogledu doživela neuspeh,^[3] odnosno koincidirala s nizom krvavih rasnih nereda i radikalizacijom unutar same crnačke zajednice koja će dodatno eskalirati nakon Kingovog ubistva 1968. godine. Uprkos tome, uspeh tog pokreta često se uspoređuje s dostignućima ranijeg pokreta za indijsku nezavisnost, odnosno dokazom kako se i najradikalnija društvena promena može postići mirnim putem, pa su brojni slični pokreti uzimali njega kao uzor, a za što je najnoviji primer pokret za LGBT prava.

Pokret za građanska prava u SAD se često smešta u širi kontekst globalnog pokreta za građanska prava koji od sredine 20. veka postoji u gotovo svim zemljama sveta. Mnoge popularne reprezentacije pokreta usredsređene su na harizmatično vođstvo i filozofiju Martina Lutera Kinga mlađeg, koji je dobio Nobelovu nagradu za mir 1964. godine za ulogu u nenasilnom moralnom vođstvu. Međutim, neki naučnici primećuju da je pokret bio previše raznolik da bi se mogao pripisati bilo kojoj osobi, organizaciji ili strategiji.^[4]

Vidi još

Reference

^ II, Vann R. Newkirk. „How 'The Blood of Emmett Till' Still Stains America Today”. The Atlantic. Архивирано из оригинала 28. 7. 2017. г. Приступљено 3. 7. 2017.
^ „Civil Rights Act of 1964 – CRA – Title VII – Equal Employment Opportunities – 42 US Code Chapter 21 – findUSlaw”. Архивирано из оригинала 29. 12. 2011. г. Приступљено 29. 7. 2016.
^ Haines, Herbert H. (1995). Black Radicals and the Civil Rights Mainstream, 1954–1970 (на језику: енглески). University of Tennessee Press. стр. 98—118. ISBN 978-1-57233-260-7.
^ Timothy B. Tyson, "Robert F. Williams, 'Black Power,' and the Roots of the African American Freedom Struggle," Journal of American History 85, No. 2 (September 1998): 540–570

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Spoljašnje veze

Civil Rights Digital Library Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (3. јун 2009) – Provided by the Digital Library of Georgia.
Civil Rights Movement Veterans ~ Provides movement history, personal stories, documents, and photos. Hosted by Tougaloo College.
Civil Rights in America – Provided by The National Archives of the United Kingdom.
Television News of the Civil Rights Era 1950–1970 – Provided by the University of Virginia.
The Civil Rights Era – Part of The African American Odyssey: A Quest for Full Citizenship presentation.
Voices of Civil Rights – A project with the collaboration of AARP and the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights (LCCR).
We Shall Overcome: Historic Places of the Civil Rights Movement – Provided by the National Park Service.
"Teaching the Movement: The State Standards We Deserve" – Part of "Teaching Tolerance" project published on September 19, 2011.
"Teaching Tolerance Publishes Guide for Teaching the Civil Rights Movement" – Part of "Teaching Tolerance" project published on March 26, 2014.
"Teaching the Movement 2014: The State of Civil Rights Education in the United States" – Part of "Teaching Tolerance" project published in 2014.
Civil Rights Teaching – Provided by Teaching for Change, a 501(c)(3) organization.
SNCC Digital Gateway

[Atlantic-1] II, Vann R. Newkirk. „How 'The Blood of Emmett Till' Still Stains America Today”. The Atlantic. Архивирано из оригинала 28. 7. 2017. г. Приступљено 3. 7. 2017.

[cra64-2] „Civil Rights Act of 1964 – CRA – Title VII – Equal Employment Opportunities – 42 US Code Chapter 21 – findUSlaw”. Архивирано из оригинала 29. 12. 2011. г. Приступљено 29. 7. 2016.

[3] Haines, Herbert H. (1995). Black Radicals and the Civil Rights Mainstream, 1954–1970 (на језику: енглески). University of Tennessee Press. стр. 98—118. ISBN 978-1-57233-260-7.

[history.msu.edu-4] Timothy B. Tyson, "Robert F. Williams, 'Black Power,' and the Roots of the African American Freedom Struggle," Journal of American History 85, No. 2 (September 1998): 540–570

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