Википедија

Ljudska pouzdanost

Ljudska pouzdanost se odnosi na oblast ljudskog faktora i ergonomiju, a odnosi se na pouzdanost ljudi u oblastima kao što su proizvodnja, prevoz, vojne ili medicine. Ljudski učinak može uticati mnogim faktorima kao što su dob, stanje uma, fizičko zdravlje, stav, emocije, sklonosti za određene zajedničke greške, greške i kognitivnih predrasude, itd

Ljudska pouzdanost je vrlo važno zbog doprinosa ljudi na otpornost sistema i na moguće negativne posljedice ljudske greške ili propusta, posebno kada ljudski je ključni dio velikog socio-tehničkih sistema kao što je zajednička danas. User-centered design i pogreške-tolerantni dizajna su samo dva od mnogih pojmova koji se koriste za opisivanje napore kako bi tehnologiju bolje odgovara za rad od strane ljudi.`

Analize tehnika уреди

Postoje Postoje različite metode za analizu ljudskih pouzdanosti.[1][2] Dva opće klase metoda su one zasnovane na probabilističke procjene rizika ( PRA ) i onih koji se baziraju na kognitivne teorije kontrole

Tehnike PRA уреди

Jedna od metoda za analizu ljudskih pouzdanosti je jednostavno proširenje probabilističke procjene rizika (PRA): na isti način na koji oprema može propasti u elektrani, tako da se ljudsko operatera počini greške. U oba slučaja, analiza (funkcionalne dekompozicije za opremu i analizu zadataka za ljude) bi artikulirati nivo detalja za koje kvara ili greške vjerojatnosti može biti dodijeljen. Ova osnovna ideja je iza tehnika za predivi]anje stope ljudske greške (THERP).[3] THERP je namijenjen za generiranje vjerojatnosti ljudske greške koje će biti uključene u PRA. U programu za procenu redosleda nezgoda (ASEP) postupak ljudskih pouzdanost je pojednostavljen oblik THERP; Asocirani računarski alat je pojednostavljen Analiza Human Error Code (SHEAN).[4] Nedavno je Nuklearna regulatorna komisija SAD je objavila Standardizovanu analizu rizika postrojenja, analizu ljudske pouzdanost (SPAR-H), metoda kojim se uzema u obzir potencijal za ljudsko greške.[5][6]

Tehnike kognitivne kontrole уреди

Erik Hollnagel je razvio ovu liniju razmišljanja u svom radu na kontekstualno Control Model ( COCOM ) [ 7 ] i kognitivne Pouzdanost i analiza Error Method ( KREMA ). [ 8 ] COCOM modeli ljudskih performansi kao skup kontrole prikaza - strateške ( na osnovu dugoročno planiranje ), taktička ( na osnovu procedure ), oportunistički ( zasnovano na ovom kontekstu ), i kodiran ( random ) - i predlaže model kako doći do prelaza između ovih kontrolu prikaza. Ovaj model kontrole tranzicije režim se sastoji od niza faktora, uključujući i procjenu ljudskih operatera o ishodu akcije ( uspjeh ili neuspjeh ), vremena preostalo da ostvari akciju ( adekvatno ili neadekvatno ), a broj istovremenih ciljeva ljudskih operatera u to vrijeme. Krema je pouzdanost metoda za ljudska analiza koja se temelji na COCOM .

Reference уреди

  1. ^ Kirwan & Ainsworth 1992
  2. ^ Kirwan 1994
  3. ^ Swain & Guttmann, 1983
  4. ^ Simplified Human Error Analysis Code (Wilson, 1993)
  5. ^ SPAR-H
  6. ^ Gertman et al., 2005

Literatura уреди

  • Gertman, D. L.; Blackman, H. S. (2001). Human reliability and safety analysis data handbook. Wiley. 
  • Gertman, D.; Blackman, H.; Marble, J.; Byers, J.; Smith, C. (2005). The SPAR-H human reliability analysis method. NUREG/CR-6883. Idaho National Laboratory, prepared for U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. [1]
  • M. Cappelli; A.M.Gadomski; M.Sepielli (2011). Human Factors in Nuclear Power Plant Safety Management: A Socio-Cognitive Modeling Approach using TOGA Meta-Theory. Proceedings of International Congress on Advances in Nuclear Power Plants. Nice (FR). SFEN (Société Française d'Energie Nucléaire). 
  • Hollnagel, E. (1993). Human reliability analysis: Context and control. Academic Press. 
  • Hollnagel, E. (1998). Cognitive reliability and error analysis method: CREAM. Elsevier. 
  • Hollnagel, E.; Amalberti, R. (2001). The Emperor's New Clothes, or whatever happened to "human error"? Invited keynote presentation at 4th International Workshop on Human Error, Safety and System Development. Linköping, June 11–12, 2001. 
  • Hollnagel, E.; Woods, D. D., ур. (2006). Resilience engineering: Concepts and precepts. Ashgate. 
  • Jones, P. M. (1999). Human error and its amelioration. In Handbook of Systems Engineering and Management (A. P. Sage and W. B. Rouse, eds.), 687-702. Wiley. 
  • Kirwan, B. (1994). A Guide to Practical Human Reliability Assessment. Taylor & Francis. 
  • Kirwan, B.; Ainsworth, L. (, ур. (1992). A guide to task analysis. Taylor & Francis. 
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  • Swain, A. D.; Guttman, H. E. (1983). Handbook of human reliability analysis with emphasis on nuclear power plant applications. NUREG/CR-1278 (Washington D.C.). 
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  • Woods, D. D. (1990). Modeling and predicting human error. In J. Elkind, S. Card, J. Hochberg, and B. Huey (Eds.), Human performance models for computer-aided engineering (248-274). Academic Press. 
  • Federal Aviation Administration. 2009 electronic code of regulations. Retrieved September 25, 2009, from https://web.archive.org/web/20120206214308/http://www.airweb.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_library/rgMakeModel.nsf/0/5a9adccea6c0c4e286256d3900494a77/$FILE/H3WE.pdf
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  • Davies, J.B.; Ross, A.; Wallace, B.; Wright, L. (2003). Safety Management: a Qualitative Systems Approach. Taylor and Francis. 
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  • Dekker, S.W.A. (2006). The Field Guide to Understanding Human Error. Ashgate. Архивирано из оригинала 06. 03. 2012. г. Приступљено 10. 11. 2022. 
  • Dekker, S.W.A. (2007). Just Culture: Balancing Safety and Accountability. Ashgate. Архивирано из оригинала 06. 03. 2012. г. Приступљено 10. 11. 2022. 
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  • Forester, J.; Kolaczkowski, A.; Lois, E.; Kelly, D. (2006). Evaluation of human reliability analysis methods against good practices. NUREG-1842 Final Report. U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission.  [4]
  • Goodstein, L. P.; Andersen, H. B.; Olsen, S. E. (1988). Tasks, errors, and mental models. Taylor and Francis. 
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  • Greenbaum, J.; Kyng, M. (1991). Design at work: Cooperative design of computer systems. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 
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  • Hollnagel, E. (1991). The phenotype of erroneous actions: Implications for HCI design. In G. W. R. Weir and J. L. Alty (Eds.), Human-computer interaction and complex systems. Academic Press. 
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  • Leveson, N. (1995). Safeware: System safety and computers. Addison-Wesley. 
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  • Rasmussen, J. (1983). Skills, rules, and knowledge: Signals, signs, and symbols and other distinctions in human performance models. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, SMC-13, 257-267. 
  • Rasmussen, J. (1986). Information processing and human-machine interaction: An approach to cognitive engineering. Wiley. 
  • Silverman, B. (1992). Critiquing human error: A knowledge-based human-computer collaboration approach. Academic Press. 
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  • Woods, D. D.; Johannesen, L.; Cook, R.; Sarter, Nadine (1994). Behind human error: Cognitive systems, computers, and hindsight. CSERIAC SOAR Report 94-01. Crew Systems Ergonomics Information Analysis Center, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio. 
  • Wu, S.; Hrudey, S.; French, S.; Bedford, T.; Soane, E.; Pollard, S. (2009). „A role for human reliability analysis (HRA) in preventing drinking water incidents and securing safe drinking water” (PDF). Water Research. 43 (13): 3227—3238. PMID 19493557. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2009.04.040. 
  • CCPS, Guidelines for Preventing Human Error. This book explains about qualitative and quantitative methodology for predicting human error. Qualitative methodology called SPEAR: Systems for Predicting Human Error and Recovery, and quantitative methodology also includes THERP, etc.

Spoljašnje veze уреди

 
Ljudska pouzdanost na Vikimedijinoj ostavi.
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