Fonetika
Fonetika (od grčke reči φωνή, phone = zvuk/glas) je nauka o glasovima. Izučava osobine govornih glasova (fona) ali i negovornih glasova, njihov nastanak, fizičke osobine i percepciju.[1] Razlikuje se od fonologije, koja izučava nivoe glasovnog sistema i apstraktne glasovne jedinice (kao što su foneme i razlikovna (distinktivna) obeležja). Fonetika kao nauka više izučava same glasove nego kontekst u kojem se koriste u jeziku. Rasprava o značenju (semantika) iz tog razloga ne pripada ovom nivou lingvističke (jezičke) analize.
Iako su pismo i alfabet u tesnoj vezi sa zvukovima i govorom, strogo govoreći fonetičare više zanima glas nego simbol kojim se glas predstavlja. Veza između glasa i simbola je toliko bliska da neki rečnici navode nauku o simbolima (preciznije, semiotiku) kao deo fonetičkog izučavanja. Sa druge strane, logografska pisma pružaju mnogo manje fonetskih informacija, ali to ne znači da te informacije ne postoje. Na primer, u kineskim znakovima, fonetika se odnosi na onaj deo znaka koji upućuje na izgovor, dok glavni deo znaka (radikal) upućuje na semantička svojstva. Znakovi slične fonetike obično imaju sličan izgovor, ali to ne znači da je izgovor uslovljen fonetskom vrednošću zbog činjenice da se izgovor kroz vekove menjao, dok je znak ostao isti. Nisu svi kineski znakovi radikalno-fonetske složenice, ali većina jeste.
Fonetika ima tri glavne grane:
- artikulaciona fonetika, koja se bavi položajem i pokretom usana, jezika i ostalih govornih organa u toku govora
- akustička fonetika, koja se bavi osobinama zvučnih talasa i načinom na koji ih prima unutrašnje uvo
- perceptivna fonetika, koja se bavi percepcijom govora, tačnije, izučava način na koji mozak stvara čulnu predstavu o podacima (glasovima) koje prima.
Postoji više stotina glasova (samoglasnika, suglasnika itd.) koje Internacionalna fonetska asocijacija (IPA) prepoznaje i transkribuje u svom Internacionalnoj fonetskoj azbuci (čija je priroda, opet, mahom fonološkog a ne fonetskog karaktera).
Ljudski govorni aparat može da artikuliše veliki broj glasova i različiti jezici se znatno razlikuju po broju glasova koji se u njima koriste.
Jezici mogu imati od 2 (abhaski) do 55 (sedang) samoglasnika i od 6 (rotokas) do 117 (ksu) suglasnika. Međutim, moramo biti oprezni pri ovakvim tvrdnjama, jer svaki put kad izgovorimo neki glas to uradimo malo drugačije. Ukupan broj fonema u jeziku varira od samo 10 u piraha jeziku, 11 u rotokasu, 12 u havajskom i 30 u srpskom, do 141 u ksu jeziku (kojim se govori u južnoj Africi, u pustinji Kalahari).
Te foneme mogu da variraju: od poznatih kao što su /t/, /s/ ili /m/, do veoma neuobičajenih, koje se ne izgovaraju korišćenjem vazdušne struje koja dolazi iz pluća, već glotalnom, velarnom i/ili ingestivnom vazdušnom strujom (pogledajte: kliktavi glasovi, fonacija, vazdušna struja). Engleski jezik ima oko 13 samoglasničke i 24 suglasničke foneme (u zavisnosti od dijalekta) i mogu da imaju više alofona.
Fonetika je proučavana još pre 2500 godina u staroj Indiji, gde je postojao veliki broj veoma tačnih fonetskih analiza o ortoepiji sanskrita, kao i tamilska knjiga gramatike Tolkaappiyam (probližno 2. vek), koja opisuje mesto i način tvorbe suglasnika.
Vidi još uredi
Reference uredi
- ^ O'Grady 2005, str. 15.
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Spoljašnje veze uredi
- Internet kurs za fonetiku
- Collection of phonetics resources by the University of North Carolina
- "A Little Encyclopedia of Phonetics" by Peter Roach.
- Pink Trombone, an interactive articulation simulator by Neil Thapen.