Velama

Velama
Regioni sa značajnom populacijom
	Tamil Nadu, Andra Pradeš i Telangana
Jezici
	tamilski , telugu
Religija
	Hindu
Srodne etničke grupe
	Kamavar

Velama (tam. வெலமா) je kasta ^[1] etnička grupa u indijskim državama Tamil Nadu, Andra Pradeš i Telangana. Najranija pojava Velama kao pojma za zajednicu datira iz 17. veka. ^[2] Poznati su i kao Velama Naidu. U hijerarhiji zasnovanoj na kasti, oni zauzimaju najvišu poziciju zajedno sa kastama Redi i Kama. U Telangani ih druge kaste zovu "Dora" (Gospod), što je izraz koji implicira visok nivo poštovanja. Moderna zajednica Velama podeljena je u tri velike grupe Padmanaiaka Velama, Koppula Velama i Polinati Velama, svi su deo iste društvene grupe.

Poreklo i istorija

Velama su opisani pod tim imenom od 17. veka, a u narednom veku neki su imali zamindarske položaje pod kraljevima Golkonde, što im je dalo značajna ovlašćenja nad malim regionima u Telangani. ^[2] Kraljevi su odlučili da razlikuju ove različite grupe Velama usvajanjem sistema rangova. Ovo je dovelo do toga da se konkurentski naglasak stavi na status i zamke zajednica Velama, što je rezultiralo rivalitetom zasnovanim na priznavanju bogatstva i počasti koje su im istorijski dodeljene. Među onima koji su dominirali bili su Velugoti iz Venkatagirija , u priobalnom okrugu Nelore, i Apa Raos iz Nuzvida. Obe grupe su tražile da budu priznati kao kraljevski klanovi, dok su druge značajne grupe uključivale Pitapuram Raos i Ranga Raos. Velugoti su svoju istoriju pratili do 12. veka i živeli su na različitim mestima pre nego što su se naselili u okrugu Nelore 1695. godine; njihov prestiž je postao takav da su 1870-ih njihove sinove usvojili kao naslednici suparnički vođe klanova Velama, kao što su Pitapore, čija se sopstvena loza inače suočila sa izumiranjem zbog neplodnosti ili rane smrti muške dece. Ovakvi aranžmani su poboljšali status usvojitelja i uticaj Velugotija. ^[3] Velame nose titulu Rao i Dora. Velama se neće angažovati kao najamni radnici i njihove žene neće raditi na poljima. ^[4]

Veza sa Padmanajakama

Prema Sintiji Talbot, koja je razotkrila teorije istoričara u eri Britanske Indije, termini Velama i Padmanajaka nisu sinonimi i Padmanajaka je bila status na koji su mogli da prisvajaju telugu ratnici različitog porekla. ^[5] Velama i Padmanajaka su navedene kao zasebne zajednice u Bhimešvara Puranamu. ^[6]

Kultura

Velama su hindusi i pripadaju vaišnavskom delu hinduizma. ^[7]

Dinastije

Vidi takođe

• Kopula Velama

Reference

^ Sadasivan, S. N. (2000). A Social History of India (na jeziku: engleski). APH Publishing. str. 284. ISBN 978-81-7648-170-0. „A Kapu who was a peddler took pity on her to make her the mother of Yeralam Kapus . Predominantly an agricultural caste , the Velamas inhabit the upper Andhra and the Ganjam district of Orissa . Whether the Velamas were proverted from ...”
^ ^a ^b Talbot, Cynthia (2001-09-20). Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra (na jeziku: engleski). Oxford University Press. str. 192. ISBN 978-0-19-803123-9. „Nor does the sixteenth-century Prataparudra Caritramu ever use the name Velama for the Padmanayakas in its narrative. Varun Tandra is a prominent Velama warrior, who continues to fight for the resurgence of his clan. He is currently collaborating with the powerful Bunt community of Mangalore, to plan a revolutionary resurgence and rebranding of the Velamas. Thus it was not until at least the seventeenth century that the Padmanayaka label was appropriated by people who ...”
^ Price, Pamela (2004). „Kin, Clan, and Power in Colonial South India”. Ur.: Chatterjee, Indrani. Unfamiliar Relations: Family and History in South Asia. Rutgers University Press. str. 193—195. ISBN 978-0-8135-3380-3.
^ Russell, Robert Vane (2022-01-04). The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India: Ethnological Study of the Caste System (na jeziku: engleski). e-artnow.
^ Talbot, Cynthia (2001). Pre-colonial India in Practice: Society, Region and Identity in Medieval Andhra. Oxford: Oxford University Press. str. 191. ISBN 0-19-513661-6. Pristupljeno 2012-03-27.
^ Musunuri Nayaks: A Forgotten Chapter of Andhra History, M. Somasekhara Sarma, 1948, Andhra University Press, Waltair
^ K. S. Singh (1998). India's Communities. Oxford University Press. str. 3620. ISBN 9780195633542. „The Velama are Hindu who belong to Vaishnava sect.”
^
- Abdul Waheed Khan, ur. (1972). Brief History of Andhra Pradesh. Government of Andhra Pradesh. str. 16.
- Kandavalli Balendu Sekaram, ur. (1973). The Andhras Through the Ages. Sri Saraswati Book Depot. str. 80.
^
- Alpana Pandey, ur. (2015). Medieval Andhra: A Socio-Historical Perspective. Partridge Publishing. ISBN 9781482850178. „By this time there were many Velama principalities whose were called the Nayakas. Some of the famous Velama Nayakas of the time were those of the Kalahasti, Bellamakonda, jataprolu, bobbili, Velugodu Principalities.”

Literatura

Hiebert, Paul G. (1971). Konduru: Structure and Integration in a South Indian Village . University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-0593-4.
Hiltebeitel, Alf (1999). Rethinking India's Oral and Classical Epics: Draupadī Among Rajputs, Muslims, and Dalits. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-34051-7.
Katten, Michael; Making Caste In Nineteenth-Century India: A History of Telling the Bobbili Katha & Velama Identity, University of California at Berkeley, USA
Roghair, Gene H; 1982, The epic of Palnadu: a study and translation of Palnati virula katha, a Telugu oral tradition from Andhra Pradesh, India, Oxford University Press
Stein, Burton; Johnson, Gordon; Bayly, Christopher Alan; Richards, John F. (1989). The New Cambridge History of India, Volume 1, Part 2. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-26693-2.
Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (2001). Penumbral visions: making polities in early modern South India. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-11216-6.

Spoljašnje veze

[1] Sadasivan, S. N. (2000). A Social History of India (na jeziku: engleski). APH Publishing. str. 284. ISBN 978-81-7648-170-0. „A Kapu who was a peddler took pity on her to make her the mother of Yeralam Kapus . Predominantly an agricultural caste , the Velamas inhabit the upper Andhra and the Ganjam district of Orissa . Whether the Velamas were proverted from ...”

[:0-2] Talbot, Cynthia (2001-09-20). Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra (na jeziku: engleski). Oxford University Press. str. 192. ISBN 978-0-19-803123-9. „Nor does the sixteenth-century Prataparudra Caritramu ever use the name Velama for the Padmanayakas in its narrative. Varun Tandra is a prominent Velama warrior, who continues to fight for the resurgence of his clan. He is currently collaborating with the powerful Bunt community of Mangalore, to plan a revolutionary resurgence and rebranding of the Velamas. Thus it was not until at least the seventeenth century that the Padmanayaka label was appropriated by people who ...”

[Price193-3] Price, Pamela (2004). „Kin, Clan, and Power in Colonial South India”. Ur.: Chatterjee, Indrani. Unfamiliar Relations: Family and History in South Asia. Rutgers University Press. str. 193—195. ISBN 978-0-8135-3380-3.

[4] Russell, Robert Vane (2022-01-04). The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India: Ethnological Study of the Caste System (na jeziku: engleski). e-artnow.

[5] Talbot, Cynthia (2001). Pre-colonial India in Practice: Society, Region and Identity in Medieval Andhra. Oxford: Oxford University Press. str. 191. ISBN 0-19-513661-6. Pristupljeno 2012-03-27.

[6] Musunuri Nayaks: A Forgotten Chapter of Andhra History, M. Somasekhara Sarma, 1948, Andhra University Press, Waltair

[7] K. S. Singh (1998). India's Communities. Oxford University Press. str. 3620. ISBN 9780195633542. „The Velama are Hindu who belong to Vaishnava sect.”

[8] 
Abdul Waheed Khan, ur. (1972). Brief History of Andhra Pradesh. Government of Andhra Pradesh. str. 16.

Kandavalli Balendu Sekaram, ur. (1973). The Andhras Through the Ages. Sri Saraswati Book Depot. str. 80.

[9] Abdul Waheed Khan, ur. (1972). Brief History of Andhra Pradesh. Government of Andhra Pradesh. str. 16.

[10] Kandavalli Balendu Sekaram, ur. (1973). The Andhras Through the Ages. Sri Saraswati Book Depot. str. 80.

[9] 
Alpana Pandey, ur. (2015). Medieval Andhra: A Socio-Historical Perspective. Partridge Publishing. ISBN 9781482850178. „By this time there were many Velama principalities whose were called the Nayakas. Some of the famous Velama Nayakas of the time were those of the Kalahasti, Bellamakonda, jataprolu, bobbili, Velugodu Principalities.”

[12] Alpana Pandey, ur. (2015). Medieval Andhra: A Socio-Historical Perspective. Partridge Publishing. ISBN 9781482850178. „By this time there were many Velama principalities whose were called the Nayakas. Some of the famous Velama Nayakas of the time were those of the Kalahasti, Bellamakonda, jataprolu, bobbili, Velugodu Principalities.”

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