Gluma je psihički proces delovanja pojedinca na sopstvene karakterne osobine da bi iskreno odgovorio na zadate imaginarne okolnosti. Glumci ili glumice su osobe zaposlene u pozorištu, televiziji, filmu ili bilo kojem drugom pripovedačkom mediju, koji kazuju priču kroz lik i kroz izgovaranje ili pevanje pisanog teksta. Gluma se može oslanjati i na govor tela, pa tekst i verbalna komunikacija nisu uvek nužni.

Sara Bernar kao Hamlet

Gluma je i naziv koji koristimo za skup glumačkih veština pomoću kojih glumac oblikuje lik u nekom scenskom delu.

Većina ranih izvora na Zapadu koji istražuju umetnost glume (Grčki: ὑπόκρισις, hypokrisis) razmatraju je kao deo retorike.[1]

Sistem glume uredi

Suština glume je potisnuti sebe da bi mogli postati neko drugi. Svest o tome da ubeđenja grade karakter, kao i sećanje na vreme kada nisu imali izgrađen karakter glumcima pomaže da shvate da se najpre moraju psihički vratiti u svoje detinjstvo i početi da razmišljaju kao deca. Po sposobnosti da se vrati u takvo stanje meri se kvalitet glumca, neki od najvećih glumaca koji su glumili krajnje teške dramske uloge u stvari su omiljeni dečji glumci. Iz tog stanja glumac polako počinje prihvatati karakter lika koji treba tumačiti. Predrasude i ubeđenja lika nekada su vidljiva iz samoga teksta gde lik ističe svoje ideale, dok se u drugim slučajevima karakter poprima uživljavanjem u svaku misao iskazanu u tekstu, mozaik misli se sklapa i dobija se karakter. Jedna od najvećih grešaka u razmišljanju glumca početnika jeste da je gluma, naročito pozorišna posvećena publici. Publika je u stvari izvor energije koju glumac prihvata dok je na sceni, kanališe je tokom interakcije na podijumu i vraća publici. Najbolji način da publika shvati poruku scene jeste da preuzme vibracije koje su prošle kroz interakciju likova. Gluma se u stvari igra za interakciju. Interakcija glume zrači u svim pravcima i pomaže da svako oseti ono što je osećao pisac tokom pisanja dela.

Biografije i audicije uredi

Glumci i glumice moraju da naprave biografiju kada se prijavljuju za uloge. Glumački životopis se veoma razlikuje od uobičajenog životopisa; generalno je kraći, sa spiskovima umesto paragrafa, i trebalo bi da ima sliku glave na poleđini.[2] Ponekad rezime sadrži i kratak snimak od 30 sekundi do 1 minuta koji prikazuje sposobnosti glumaca, tako da regrutni reditelj može da vidi prethodne predstave, ako ih ima. U biografiji glumaca je potrebno da se navedu projekti u kojima je osoba ranije glumila, kao što su predstave, filmovi ili emisije, kao i posebne veštine i njihove kontakt informacije.[3]

Audicija je čin izvođenja bilo monologa ili strane (redova za jedan lik)[4] koje šalje regrutni režiser. Audicija podrazumeva pokazivanje umeća glumca da se predstavi kao druga osoba; može trajati samo dva minuta. Za pozorišne audicije to može biti duže od dva minuta, ili mogu izvesti više od jednog monologa, jer svaki regrutni režiser može imati različite zahteve za glumce. Glumci bi trebalo da idu na audicije obučeni za ulogu, kako bi regrutnom režiseru bilo lakše da ih vizualizuje kao lik. Za televiziju ili film moraju da prođu kroz više od jedne audicije. Često se glumci pozivaju na drugu audiciju u poslednjem trenutku, i daju im se tekstovi istog jutra ili prethodne noći. Audicija može biti stresan deo glume, posebno ako neko nije obučen za audiciju.

Proba uredi

Proba je proces u kojem glumci pripremaju i vežbaju predstavu, istražujući preokrete sukoba između likova, testirajući specifične radnje u sceni i pronalazeći sredstva za prenošenje određenog smisla. Neki glumci nastavljaju da uvežbavaju scenu tokom cele predstave kako bi scenu zadržali svežom u svojim mislima i uzbudljivom za publiku.[5]

Publika uredi

Poznato je da kritička publika sa procenjivačkim gledaocima izaziva stres kod glumca tokom izvođenja,[6] (pogledajte Bod & Bruten). Biti pred publikom koja deli priču čini glumce izuzetno ranjivim. Šokantno, glumac obično ocenjuje kvalitet svog nastupa više od svojih gledalaca.[7] Otkucaji srca su generalno uvek viši tokom nastupa sa publikom u poređenju sa probom, ali ono što je zanimljivo je da ova publika takođe izaziva veći kvalitet izvođenja. Jednostavno rečeno, dok javni nastupi izazivaju izuzetno visok nivo stresa kod glumaca (više od onih amaterskih), stres zapravo poboljšava performanse, podržavajući ideju „pozitivnog stresa u izazovnim situacijama“.[8]

Otkucaji srca uredi

U zavisnosti od toga šta glumac radi, njegov ili njen broj otkucaja srca će varirati. Ovo je način na koji telo reaguje na stres. Pre šoa dolazi do povećanja broja otkucaja srca zbog anksioznosti. Dok glumi glumac ima pojačan osećaj izloženosti što će povećati izvođačku anksioznost i povezano fiziološko uzbuđenje, kao što je broj otkucaja srca.[9] Puls se povećava tokom predstava više nego na probama zbog povećanog pritiska, koji se javlja zbog činjenice da predstava ima potencijalno veći uticaj na karijeru glumca.[9] Nakon emisije može se videti smanjenje srčane frekvencije zbog zaključka aktivnosti izazivanja stresa. Često se otkucaji srca vraćaju u normalu nakon završetka predstave ili performansa;[10] međutim, tokom aplauza nakon nastupa dolazi do brzog skoka stope otkucaja srca.[11] To se može videti ne samo kod glumaca već i kod javnih govora i muzičara.[10]

Vidi još uredi

Reference uredi

  1. ^ Csapo and Slater (1994, 257); hypokrisis, which literally means "acting," was the word used in discussions of rhetorical delivery.
  2. ^ „How To Make An Acting Resume That Works For You”. Daily Actor (na jeziku: engleski). Pristupljeno 2017-11-16. 
  3. ^ Kantilaftis, Helen (2015-08-27). „How to Make An Actor Demo Reel”. Student Resources (na jeziku: engleski). Pristupljeno 2021-01-30. 
  4. ^ „What Are the Sides for Acting Auditions? (Showbiz Term of the Day)”. www.youryoungactor.com. Pristupljeno 2017-11-16. 
  5. ^ „Rehearsal”. 
  6. ^ Bode, D; Brutten, E (1963). „A palmar sweat investigation of the effect of audience variation upon stage fright”. Speech Monographs. 30 (2): 92—96. doi:10.1080/03637756309375363. 
  7. ^ Konijin, Elly A. (1991). „What's on between the actor and his audience? Empirical Analysis of emotion processes in the theatre”. Ur.: Wilson, Glenn D. Psychology and Performing Arts. Swets & Zeitlinger. ISBN 978-0312653163. 
  8. ^ Richard S. Lazarus; Folkman, Susan (15. 3. 1984). stress, appraisial and coping. New York Springer. 
  9. ^ a b Yoshie, M (2009). „Music performance anxiety in skilled pianists: effects of social-evaluative performance situation on subjective, autonomic, and electromyographic reactions”. Exp Brain Res. 199 (2): 117—26. PMID 19701628. S2CID 12759663. doi:10.1007/s00221-009-1979-y. 
  10. ^ a b Wells, Ruth (4. 10. 2012). „Matter Over Mind: A Randomised-Controlled Trial of Single-Session Biofeedback Training on Performance Anxiety and Heart Rate Variability in Musicians”. PLOS ONE. 7 (10): e46597. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...746597W. PMC 3464298 . PMID 23056361. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0046597 . 
  11. ^ McKinney, Mark (1983). „The Effects of Audience Size on High and Low Speech-Anxious Subjects During an Actual Speaking Taks”. Basic and Applied Social Psychology. 4 (1): 73—87. doi:10.1207/s15324834basp0401_6. 

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Spoljašnje veze uredi