Drugi amandman na Ustav Sjedinjenih Američkih Država
Drugi amandman (engl. Second Amendment ili Amendment II) na Ustav Sjedinjenih Američkih Država štiti prava da se poseduje i nosi oružje. Ratifikovan je 15. decembra 1791, uz ostalih 9 delova Povelje o pravima.[1][2][3] U slučaju Okrug Kolumbija protiv Helera (2008), Vrhovni sud Sjedinjenih Američkih Država je potvrdio po prvi put da to pravo pripada pojedincima, za samoodbranu kod kuće,[4][5][6][7] istovremeno uključivši iskaz, da to pravo nije neograničeno i da ne poništava postojanje određenih dugo postojećih zabrana poput zarane „posedovanja vatrenog oružja krivično osuđenima i mentalno bolesnima” ili ograničenja na „nošenje opasnih ili neobičnih oružja”[8][9] U slučaju Makdonald protiv Grada Čikaga (2010) Vrhovni sud je presudio da su savezne države i lokalne vlade u istoj meri kao i savezna vlada neovlašćene da narušavaju to pravo.[10][11] U slučaju New York State Rifle & Pistol Association, Inc. v. Bruen (2022) je potvrđeno pravo nošenja oružja u javnim prostorima uz razumne izuzetke.
Drugi amandman je delimično zasnovan na pravu posedovanja i nošenja oružja u engleskom anglosaksonskom pravu i načinjen je pod uticajem engleske Povelje o pravima iz 1689. Ser Vilijam Blekstoun je opisao ovo pravo kao pomoćno pravo, koje podržava prirodna prava na samoodbranu i otpor tlačenju, i građansku dužnost da se deluje usaglašeno u odbrani države.[12] Iako su i Džejms Monro i Džon Adams podržavali ratifikovanje Ustava, najuticajniji autor je bio Džejms Medison. U eseju Federalista br. 46, Medison je pisao kako bi federalna vojska mogla da bude kontrolisana od strane milicije, „stajaćoj vojsci ... bila bi suprotstavljena milicija” On je smatrao da bi vlade saveznih država „bile u stanju da odbiju opasnost” od strane savezne vojske, „Može se sumnjati da bi milicija stavljena u takve uslove ikada mogla biti osvojena u takvim proporcijama sa regularnim trupama”. On je napravio kontrast između savezne vlade Sjedinjenih Država i evropskih kraljevstava za koje je rekao da se „plaše da povere svom narodu oružje”, i utvrdio da „postojanje podvlada ... formira barijeru protiv ambicioznih poduhvata”.[13][14]
Do januara 1788, Delaver, Pensilvanija, Nju Džerzi, Džordžija i Konektikat su ratifikovali Ustav bez insistiranja na amandmanima. Nekoliko amandmana je predloženo, ali nisu usvojeni do trenutka kada je Ustav ratifikovan. Na primer, na konvenciji u Pensilvaniji je razmatrano petnaest amandmana, od kojih se jedan ticao prava naroda da bude naoružan, a drugi se ticao milicije. Konvencija u Masačusetsu je takođe ratifikovala Ustav sa pridruženim spiskom predloženih amandmana. Na kraju, Ratifikaciona konvencija je bila toliko ravnomerno podeljena između onih za i onih protiv UStava da su federalisti pristali na Povelju o pravima kako bi osigurali ratifikaciju. U slučaju Sjedinjene Države protiv Kruikšenka (1876), Vrhovni sud je presudio da „Pravo nošenja oružja nije dodeljeno ustavom; niti ono na bilo koji način zavisi od tog instrumenta zarad svog postojanja. Drugi amandmani [sic] ne znače ništa više nego da u njega ne može da se meša Kongres, i nemaju nikakav drugi efekat osim da ograniče moći Nacionalne vlade.”[15] U slučaju Sjedinjene Države protiv Milera (1939), Vrhovni sud je presudio da Drugi amandman ne štiti tipove oružja koji nemaju „razumnu vezu sa očuvanjem ili efikasnošću dobro regulisane milicije”.[16][17]
U 21. veku, Amandman je bio tema obnovljene akademske rasprave i zakonodavnog interesovanja.[17] U slučaju Okrug Kolumbija protiv Helera, Vrhovni sud je doneo značajnu presudu da Amandman štiti prava pojedinaca da poseduju oružje za samoodbranu.[18][19] Ovo je bio prvi put da je Sud presudio da Drugi amandman garantuje prava pojedinaca da poseduju oružje.[20][21][19] U slučaju Kaetano protiv Masačusetsa (2016), Vrhovni sud je ponovo istakao da se ranije presude da se „Drugi amandman proširuje prima facie, na sve instrumente koji potpadaju pod nosiva oružja, čak i one koji nisu postojali u vreme donošenja” i da njegova zaštita nije ograničena „samo na ono oružje korisno u ratu”. Debata između različitih organizacija u vezi sa kontrolom oružja i pravom nošenja oružja u Sjedinjenim Državama i dalje traje.[22]
Napomene uredi
Reference uredi
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|access-date=(pomoć) - ^ a b Michael Waldman (20. May 2014). „Expert Brief: How the NRA Rewrote the Second Amendment”. Brennan Center for Justice. Arhivirano iz originala September 24, 2023. g. Pristupljeno 23. May 2018. Proverite vrednost paramet(a)ra za datum:
|access-date=, |date=(pomoć) - ^ Barnes, Robert (27. 6. 2008). „Justices reject D.C. ban on handgun Ownership”. The Washington Post. Pristupljeno 23. May 2018. Proverite vrednost paramet(a)ra za datum:
|access-date=(pomoć) - ^ Vicini, James. „Americans have right to guns under landmark ruling”. Reuters. Pristupljeno 23. 5. 2018.
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|date=(pomoć) - Weisselberg, Charles D. (2009). „Selected Criminal Law Cases in the Supreme Court's 2007–2008 Term, and a Look Ahead” (PDF). Court Review. 44. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 6. 2. 2009. g. Pristupljeno 5. 2. 2009.
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Ostale publikacije uredi
- Maer, Lucinda; Gay, Oonagh (2009). „The Bill of Rights 1689”. Parliament and Constitution Centre.
Dalja literatura uredi
- Lund, Nelson (2008). „Right to Bear Arms”. Ur.: Hamowy, Ronald. The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; Cato Institute. str. 438—440. ISBN 978-1412965804. OCLC 750831024. doi:10.4135/9781412965811.n269.
- Tahmassebi, S. B. (1991). „Gun Control and Racism”. George Mason University Civil Rights Law Journal. 2 (1): 67—100. Arhivirano iz originala 16. 8. 2000. g.
Spoljašnje veze uredi
- „District of Columbia v. Heller”.
- „National Archives Scanned Image of the Bill of Rights, including the Second Amendment”. 30. 10. 2015.
- The short film Big Picture: To Keep and Bear Arms is available for free download at the Internet Archive
- Volokh, Eugene (ur.). „State Constitutional Right to Keep and Bear Arms Provisions”. UCLA School of Law. Arhivirano iz originala 5. 3. 2020. g. Pristupljeno 3. 4. 2020..