Etničko čišćenje u ratu u Bosni i Hercegovini
Etničko čišćenje u ratu u Bosni i Hercegovini koji je trajao od 1992. do 1995. rezultiralo je velikim brojem proteranih civila.[6][7][8][9]
Etničko čišćenje u Ratu u Bosni i Hercegovini | |
---|---|
Datum | 1992–1995. |
Ubijeno | Deseci hiljada ubijenih[1] Između milion[2] i milion i pol[3] proteranih |
Ranjeno | 18.000[4] do 25.000[5] silovanih žena |
Počevši od 1991, rasljeno je oko 2,7 miliona ljudi do sredine 1992. godine, od čega je preko 700.000 tražilo azil u drugim evropskim zemljama, čineći to najvećim egzodusom u Evropi od Drugog svetskog rata. Procenjuje se da je između 1,0 i 1,3 miliona ljudi bilo raseljeno u ovim kampanjama etničkog čišćenja, a desetine hiljada je ubijeno.[10][11]
Metode koje su korišćene tokom kampanja etničkog čišćenja u Bosni i Hercegovini uključuju "ubistvo civila, silovanje, mučenje, uništavanje civilne, javne i kulturne imovine, pljačku i razaranje, kao i prisilno premještanje civilnih populacija".[12] Haški Tribunal kasnije je osudio nekoliko zvaničnika zbog progona iz političkih, rasnih i verskih razloga; prisilnog premeštaja i deportacije što čini zločin protiv čovečnosti.
Kampanje i metode uredi
Veliki broj Bošnjaka i Hrvata proterala je Vojska Republike Srpske i druge paravojne formacije. Hrvatske snage takođe su proterivali Bošnjake i Srbe. Bošnjačke snage su krive zbog teških kršenja Ženevskih konvencija, ali nisu učestvovali u sistamatskom proterivanju drugih etničkih skupina. Po izveštaju Saveta bezbednosti Ujedinjenih nacija ne postoji činjenčna osnova za relativiziranje i izjednačavanje zaraćenih strana.[13]
Srpske snage uredi
Između 700.000 i 1.000.000 Bošnjaka proterano je iz svojih domova sa teritorija koji su bili pod kontrolom srpskih snaga.[14] Drugi izvor procenjuje da je barem 750.000 Bošnjaka i manji broj Hrvata proteran sa ovih područja.[15] Dodatno, oko 30.000 Roma je takođe bilo prisiljeno da se iseli.[16]
Uvedene su brojne diskriminatorne mjere protiv Bošnjaka na teritoriji pod kontrolom Vojske Republike Srpske. U gradu Prijedoru, počevši od 30. aprila 1992, mnogi su otpušteni su sa poslova i zabranjen im je ulazak u zgradu Suda. Bosnjački intelektualci i drugi su deportovani u logor Omarska.[17]
U Banja Luci, Bošnjaci i Hrvati izbačeni su iz svojih domova, a raseljeni Srbi koji dolaze preuzeli su njihove smještaje. Oni koji su napuštali Banja Luku morali su potpisati dokumente o napuštanju svoje imovine bez nadoknade. Slična prisilna premještanja dogodila su se u Foči, Vlasenici, Brčkom, Šamcu i drugim gradovima.[18]
Srpske paravojne snage su izdvojile Bošnjake i koristile nasilje protiv njih. U masakrima u Višegradu 1992. godine, stotine Bošnjaka bili su ubijeni i bačeni u rijeku ili zaključane u kućama i spaljeni žive;[19] bosnjačke žene su silovane.[20][21][22][23] Otprilike 70% svih proterivanja dogodilo se između aprila i avgusta 1992. godine.[16] Nakon zauzivanja Srebrenice 11. jula 1995. 7.475 Bošnjaka je ubijeno a do 13. jula oko 23.000 ljudi odveženo je autobusima na teritorij pod kontrolom ARBiH.[24]
Hrvatske snage uredi
Početkom 1992, dok su snage VRS-a napredovale prema Odžaku i Bosanskoj Posavini, hrvatske snage su proterale srpske civile koji su živeli na tom području i prevezli ih u Hrvatsku. Takođe su proterali Srbe iz Hercegovine i zapalili njihove kuće u maju 1992.[25] godine. Vlasti bosanskih Hrvata su 1993. koristile etničko čišćenje u Mostar, gde su Bošnjaci bili smešteni u logore koje su vodili Hrvati. Hrvatske snage iseljavale su Bošnjake iz zapadnog dijela Mostara i drugih gradova i sela, uključujući Stolac i Čapljinu.[26] Kako bi preuzeo vlast u zajednicama u srednjoj Bosni i zapadnoj Hercegovini, Mate Boban naredio je Hrvatskom vijeću obrane (HVO) da počne s progonom Bošnjaka koji žive na ovim prostorima. Hrvatske snage su koristile "granatiranje, deložaciju, nasilje, silovanje, pljačku i iznudu" da proteraju ili ubiju bošnjačko stanovništvo, od kojih su neki bili zatočeni u logorima Heliodrom i Dretelj. Pokolji u Ahmićima i Stupnom Dolu imali su za cilj uklanjanje Bošnjaka sa ovih prostora.[27]
Hrvatski vojnici digli su u vazduh bošnjačke firme i radnje u nekim gradovima. Uhapsili su hiljade bošnjačkih civila i pokušali da ih proteraju iz Hercegovine deportujući ih u treće zemlje.
Bošnjačke snage uredi
Prema "Završnom izveštaju" Saveta bezbednosti UN (1994), Bošnjaci su se krivi za "teška kršenja Ženevskih konvencija i druga kršenja međunarodnog humanitarnog prava", ali nisu učestvovali u "sistematskom etničkom čišćenju".[28] Bosanskohercegovački tužioci optužili su bivše pripadnike Armije BiH za zločine protiv čovečnosti nad Srbima, s ciljem njihovog proterivanja iz Konjica i okolnih sela u maju 1992.[29][30] Tokom opsade Goražda 1993. godine, bošnjačke snage su neke Srbe proterale iz grada, a druge stavile pod kućni pritvor. Slični incidenti dogodili su se u martu 1993. kada su bošnjačke vlasti pokrenule kampanju proterivanja Hrvata iz Konjica. Iz Bugojna je 1993. i 1994. Armija Republike Bosne i Hercegovine proterala hiljade hrvatskih civila.[31][26] Tokom opsade Sarajeva, vođa bošnjačke paravojne formacije Mušan Topalović i njegove snage otimale su i ubijale uglavnom Srbe koji su živjeli u i oko sarajevskog predgrađa Bistrik prije nego što je vojna policija ARBiH ubila Topalovića u oktobru 1993.[32] Nakon rata, Hrvati su dobrovoljno napustili Vareš, bojeći se bošnjačke odmazde. Odlazak Hrvata iz Sarajeva, Tuzle i Zenice imao je različite motive, koji nisu uvijek bili direktna posljedica pritisaka Bošnjaka.[33]
Sudske presude uredi
Među osuđenima za učešće u kampanjama etničkog čišćenja u Bosni i Hercegovini su političari, vojnici i zvaničnici bosanskih Srba, Momčilo Krajišnik,[34] Radoslav Brđanin,[35] Stojan Župljanin, Mićo Stanišić,[36] Biljana Plavšić,[37] Goran Jelisić,[38] Miroslav Deronjić,[39] Zoran Žigić,[40] Blagoje Simić,[41] Jovica Stanišić, Franko Simatović,[42] Radovan Karadžić and Ratko Mladić.[43]
U presudi Karadžiću, Haški tribunal utvrdio je da je postojao udruženi zločinački poduhvat koji je imao za cilj prisilno preseljenje nesrba iz velikih delova Bosne, a da je postojao od oktobra 1991. godine:
...Vijeće konstatuje da su zajedno sa optuženim Krajišnik, Koljević i Plavšić delili nameru ostvarivanja zajedničkog plana o trajnom uklanjanju bosanskih Muslimana i bosanskih Hrvata sa teritorije na koju su bosanski Srbi polagali pravo, te da su sa svojih rukovodećih pozicija doprineli izvršenju zajedničkog plana od oktobra 1991. do najmanje 30. novembra 1995.
U presudi lideru bosanskih Hrvata Dariju Kordiću, Haški tribunal utvrdio je da je postojao plan da se Bošnjaci uklone sa teritorije na koju su Hrvati polagali pravo:
...Pretresno vijeće iz ovih dokaza (i dokaza o drugim napadima HVO-a u aprilu 1993) izvodi zaključak da je do tada postojao zajednički plan ili plan koji je osmislilo i izvršilo rukovodstvo bosanskih Hrvata za etničko čišćenje Lašvanske doline. Dario Kordić, kao lokalni politički lider, bio je deo ovog dizajna ili plana.
Reference uredi
- ^ Seybolt 2007, str. 177.
- ^ Totten 2017, str. 21.
- ^ Phillips 2005, str. 5.
- ^ Crowe 2013, str. 343.
- ^ Haddad 2011, str. 109.
- ^ A. D. Horne (22. 8. 1992). „Long Ordeal for Displaced Bosnian Muslims”. The Washington Post. Pristupljeno 7. 5. 2020.
- ^ „War Crimes in Bosnia-Hercegovina: U.N. Cease-Fire Won't Help Banja Luka”. Human Rights Watch. jun 1994. Pristupljeno 25. 7. 2019.
- ^ „War and humanitarian action: Iraq and the Balkans” (PDF). UNHCR. 2000. str. 218. Pristupljeno 25. 7. 2019.
- ^ Bell-Fialkoff 1993, str. 110.
- ^ Erlanger, Steven (10. 6. 1996). „The Dayton Accords: A Status Report”. The New York Times.
- ^ Wren, Christopher S. (24. 11. 1995). „Resettling Refugees: U.N. Facing New Burden”. The New York Times.
- ^ „Annex IV : The policy of ethnic cleansing”. web.archive.org. 2012-05-04. Arhivirano iz originala 04. 05. 2012. g. Pristupljeno 2023-08-22.
- ^ „Annex IV : The policy of ethnic cleansing”. web.archive.org. 2012-05-04. str. 36—37. Arhivirano iz originala 04. 05. 2012. g. Pristupljeno 2023-08-22.
- ^ Burg & Shoup 1999, str. 171.
- ^ Thompson 2014, str. 465.
- ^ a b Calic 2013, str. 126.
- ^ Prosecutor v. Karadžić – Judgement, 24 March 2016, pp. 651–652
- ^ „War Crimes in Bosnia-Hercegovina: U.N. Cease-Fire Won't Help Banja Luka”. Human Rights Watch. jun 1994. Pristupljeno 25. 7. 2019.
- ^ „Milan Lukić and Sredoje Lukić Convicted of War Crimes in Višegrad | International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia”. www.icty.org. Pristupljeno 2023-08-22.
- ^ „Hope for Bosnia town whose bridge will shine again”. Reuters. 26. 5. 2007.
- ^ „Institute for War and Peace Reporting”. Institute for War and Peace Reporting. Pristupljeno 19. 4. 2018.
- ^ „IDC: Podrinje victim statistics”. Arhivirano iz originala 2007-07-07. g. Pristupljeno 2008-10-17.
- ^ „ICTY: Milan Lukić and Sredoje Lukić judgement” (PDF).
- ^ Bartrop & Jacobs 2014, str. 186.
- ^ Burg & Shoup 2015, str. 229.
- ^ a b Burg & Shoup 1999, str. 180.
- ^ Bartrop 2016, str. 25.
- ^ ANNEX IV: Policy of Ethnic Cleansing - Part Two: Ethnic Cleansing in BiH - I: Introduction, 27 May 1994, pp. 36–37
- ^ Grebo, Lamija (4. 12. 2017). „Bosnia Arrests 13 Suspected of Crimes in Konjic”. BalkanInsight.
- ^ Muslimovic, Admir (8. 5. 2019). „Bosnia Tries Ex-Fighters for Crimes Against Humanity in Konjic”. BalkanInsight.
- ^ Evangelista, Matthew; Tannenwald, Nina (2017). Do the Geneva Conventions Matter?. Oxford University Press. str. 222. ISBN 978-0-19937-979-8.
- ^ Hedges, Chris (12. 11. 1997). „Postscript to Sarajevo's Anguish: Muslim Killings of Serbs Detailed”. The New York Times.
- ^ Burg & Shoup 2015, str. 172.
- ^ „UN tribunal transfers former Bosnian Serb leader to UK prison”. UN News. 8. 9. 2009. Pristupljeno 15. 4. 2018.
- ^ „Bosnian Serb politician convicted by UN tribunal to serve jail term in Denmark”. UN News. 4. 3. 2008. Pristupljeno 8. 5. 2018.
- ^ „Former high-ranking Bosnian Serbs receive sentences for war crimes from UN tribunal”. UN News. 27. 3. 2013. Pristupljeno 17. 4. 2018.
- ^ „UN tribunal sentences former Bosnian Serb president to 11 years”. UN News. 27. 2. 2003. Pristupljeno 12. 4. 2020.
- ^ Butcher, Tim (15. 12. 1999). „'Serb Adolf' killer gets 40 years for war crimes”. The Independent.
- ^ „UN war crimes tribunal jails Bosnian Serb for 10 years for burning down village”. UN News. 30. 3. 2004. Pristupljeno 14. 2. 2020.
- ^ „UN war crimes tribunal convicts five Bosnian Serbs for 'orgy of persecution'”. UN News. 2. 11. 2001. Pristupljeno 12. 4. 2020.
- ^ „Three officials in former Yugoslavia sentenced by UN tribunal to 6-17 years”. UN News. 17. 10. 2003. Pristupljeno 12. 4. 2020.
- ^ Julian Borger (30. 6. 2021). „Serbian secret police chiefs sentenced to 12 years over Bosnian war atrocities”. Guardian. Pristupljeno 1. 7. 2021.
- ^ „UN hails conviction of Mladic, the 'epitome of evil,' a momentous victory for justice”. UN News. 22. 11. 2017. Pristupljeno 25. 7. 2019. „The convictions against the former Bosnian Serb army commander included for commanding violent ethnic cleansing campaigns across Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1992 to 1995”
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Drugi izvori uredi
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- Bassiouni, M. Cherif (28. 12. 1994). „Final report of the United Nations Commission of Experts established pursuant to security council resolution 780 (1992), Annex IV – The policy of ethnic cleansing”. United Nations. Arhivirano iz originala 4. 5. 2012. g. Pristupljeno 11. 7. 2012.
- International Court of Justice (2007). „Case Concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina vs, Serbia and Montenegro)” (PDF). The Hague.
- „Prosecutor vs. Zejnil Delalić – Judgement” (PDF). The Hague: International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. 16. 11. 1998.
- „Prosecutor vs. Radovan Karadžić – Judgement” (PDF). The Hague: International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. 26. 3. 2016.
- „Prosecutor v. Dario Kordić and Mario Čerkez – Judgement” (PDF). The Hague: International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. 26. 2. 2001.
- Mazowiecki, Tadeusz (17. 11. 1992). „Situation of human rights in the territory of the former Yugoslavia: note / by the Secretary-General”. United Nations Commission on Human Rights.
- „Report of the Secretary-General pursuant to General Assembly resolution 53/35: The fall of Srebrenica [A/54/549]”. United Nations. 15. 11. 1999.