Kapitulacija (predaja)
Kapitulacija (lat. capitulum — „mala glava ili odjeljenje”; lat. capitulare — „liječenje pod uslovima”) sporazum je tokom rata za predaju[11][12] neprijateljskoj oružanoj sili određenog organa trupa, grada ili teritorije.[13]
To je običan ratni incident, pa stoga nisu potrebna prethodna uputstva vlasti oružane sile kojoj se vrši predaja prije konačnog određivanja uslova kapitulacije. Najčešći od uslova su sloboda vjeroispovijesti i sigurnost privatne svojine s jedne strane i obećanje da se oružje neće nositi u određenom roku s druge strane.
Takvi sporazumi mogu se ishitreno zaključiti sa nižim oficirom, na čiji autoritet neprijatelj, u stvarnim uslovima rata, nema pravo da se oslanja. Kada sporazum sačini službenik koji nema odgovarajuće ovlašćenje ili koji je prekoračio granice svojih ovlašćenja i da bi bio obavezujući mora se potvrditi izričitom ili prećutnom ratifikacijom.
Član 35 Haške konvencije (1899)[14][15][16][17][18][19][20] o zakonima i običajima ratovanja propisuje da kapitulacije dogovorene između ugovornih strana moraju biti u skladu sa pravilima vojne časti. Kada se jednom dogovori, obje strane je moraju poštovati.[13][21]
Berzanska kapitulacija uredi
Na finansijskim tržištima, „kapitulacija” opisuje „odustajanje” od tržišta ili „predavanje” medvjedstvu (pesimizmu)[22] do mjere koja uključuje „paničnu” prodaju.[23][24][25][26]
Vidi još uredi
Reference uredi
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- ^ "The Colony of New Netherland", 2009, by Jaap Jacobs, page 32.
- ^ Park, Kingston Ubarn Cultural. „Dutch Colonization”. nps.gov.
- ^ Bayles, R. M. (1887). History of Richmond County (Staten Island), New York: From Its Discovery to the Present Time. L. E. Preston & Company.
- ^ Brown, Henry Collins (1922). Old New York. New York: Valentine Mutual Press. str. 23.
- ^ Abshire, Jean (2011). The History of Singapore. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-37743-3. Arhivirano iz originala 12. 4. 2021. g. Pristupljeno 25. 10. 2020.
- ^ Blackburn, Kevin; Hack, Karl (2004). Did Singapore Have to Fall? Churchill and the Impregnable Fortress. London: Routledge. ISBN 0203404408. Arhivirano iz originala 14. 4. 2021. g. Pristupljeno 25. 10. 2020.
- ^ Brayley, Martin (2002). The British Army 1939–45: The Far East. Men at Arms. Oxford: Osprey. ISBN 978-1-84176-238-8.
- ^ Cull, Brian; Sortehaug, Paul (2004). Hurricanes Over Singapore: RAF, RNZAF and NEI Fighters in Action Against the Japanese Over the Island and the Netherlands East Indies, 1942. London: Grub Street Publishing. ISBN 978-1-904010-80-7.
- ^ „Surrender”. Merriam-Webster. Pristupljeno 7. 10. 2016.
- ^ „Surrendre”. Middle English Dictionary. The University of Michigan. Pristupljeno 7. 10. 2016.
- ^ a b Jedna ili više prethodnih rečenica uključuje tekst iz publikacije koja je sada u javnom vlasništvu: Chisholm, Hugh, ur. (1911). „Capitulation”. Encyclopædia Britannica (na jeziku: engleski). 5 (11 izd.). Cambridge University Press. str. 283.
- ^ „Preparation for the Third Hague Peace Conference”. Year Book of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1915. Washington, D.C.: Press of Byron S. Adams: 134. 1915. Pristupljeno 2021-08-09 — preko University of California.
- ^ Judith Gardam (21. 7. 2011). Necessity, Proportionality and the Use of Force by States. Cambridge University Press. str. 7. ISBN 978-0-5211-7349-0.
- ^ Paul R. Bartrop and Samuel Totten (30. 11. 2007). Dictionary of Genocide [2 volumes]. Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-3133-2967-8.
- ^ Burrus M. Carnahan (20. 3. 2008). Lincoln on Trial: Southern Civilians and the Law of War. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-3459-8.
- ^ Eyal Benvenisti (30. 4. 2012). The International Law of Occupation. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0-1995-8889-3.
- ^ John Fabian Witt (4. 9. 2012). Lincoln's Code: The Laws of War in American History. Free Press. ISBN 978-1-4165-6983-1.
- ^ Michael Haas (20. 3. 2008). International Human Rights: A Comprehensive Introduction. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-4157-7455-0.
- ^ „Hague II (July 29, 1899), Annex to the Convention, Article 35”. Avalon.law.yale.edu. Pristupljeno 2011-02-24.
- ^ „Bearishness - definition of Bearishness by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia”. Thefreedictionary.com. Pristupljeno 2011-02-24.
- ^ „Capitulation financial definition of Capitulation. Capitulation finance term by the Free Online Dictionary”. Financial-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com. Pristupljeno 2011-02-24.
- ^ „Peston's Picks: How close to capitulation?”. BBC. 2008-10-06. Pristupljeno 2011-02-24.
- ^ „Editorials | The Stump”. OregonLive.com. Pristupljeno 2011-02-24.[mrtva veza]
- ^ Hulbert, Mark (2008-10-07). „Monday probably didn't constitute capitulation”. MarketWatch. Pristupljeno 2011-02-24.
Literatura uredi
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- Kinvig, Clifford (2005). River Kwai Railway: The Story of the Burma-Siam Railroad. London: Conway. ISBN 978-1-84486-021-0.
- Kirby, Stanley Woodburn (1954). War Against Japan: The Loss of Singapore. History of the Second World War. I. HMSO. OCLC 58958687.
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- Lodge, A.B. (1986). The Fall of General Gordon Bennett. Sydney, New South Wales: Allen and Unwin. ISBN 0-86861-882-9.
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- Powell, Alan (2003). The Third Force: ANGAU's New Guinea War, 1942–46. South Melbourne, Victoria: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-551639-5.
- Rai, Rajesh (2014). Indians in Singapore, 1819–1945: Diaspora in the Colonial Port City. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-809929-1.
- Regan, Geoffrey (1992). The Guinness Book of Military Anecdotes. Enfield: Guinness. ISBN 978-0-85112-519-0.
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- Shores, Christopher F.; Cull, Brian; Izawa, Yasuho (1992). Bloody Shambles: The First Comprehensive Account of the Air Operations over South-East Asia December 1941 – April 1942: Drift to War to the Fall of Singapore. I. London: Grub Street Press. ISBN 978-0-948817-50-2.
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Spoljašnje veze uredi
Mediji vezani za članak Kapitulacija na Vikimedijinoj ostavi- „Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 8 June 1977.”. International Committee of the Red Cross. Pristupljeno 7. 10. 2016.
