Naučna revolucija
Naučna revolucija bila je serija događaja koji su obeležili pojavu moderne nauke u ranog modernom razdoblju, kad je napredak u oblastima matematike, fizike, astronomije, biologije (uključujući ljudsku anatomiju) i hemije transformisao stavove društva prema prirodi.[1][2][3][4][5][6] Naučna revolucija započela je u Evropi pri kraju renesanse i nastavila se do završetka 18. veka, utičući na intelektualni društveni pokret poznat kao prosvetiteljstvo. Dok su datumi predmet rasprava, studija koju je Nikola Kopernik objavio 1543. godine pod naslovom De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (O revolucijama nebeskih sfera) često se navodi kao početak naučne revolucije.
Koncept naučne revolucije koja se odvijala tokom dužeg perioda pojavio se u osamnaestom veku u radu Žana Silvena Baja, koji ju je sagledavao kao dvostepeni proces uklanjanja starog i uspostavljanja novog.[7] Početak naučne revolucije, naučne renesanse, bio je fokusiran na oporavku znanja antičkog doba. Smatra se da se taj stadijum generalno završio 1632. godine sa objavljivanjem Galilejovog rada Dijalog u vezi sa dva glavna svetska sistema.[8] Završetak naučne revolucije se pripisuje „velikoj sintezi” u vidu rada Isaka Njutna iz 1687. sa naslovom Matematički principi prirodne filozofije. Taj rad je formulisao zakone kretanja i univerzalne gravitacije, čime je kompletirana sinteza nove kosmologije.[9] Do kraja 18. veka, prosvetiteljstvo koje je sledilo naučnoj revoluciji je zamenjeno „dobom refleksije”.
Uvod uredi
Veliki napreci u nauci se nazivaju „revolucijama” još od 18. veka. Godine 1747, Klero je pisao da je „Njutn rekao da je tokom svog života kreirao revoluciju”.[10] Ova reč je isto tako korištena u predgovoru Lavoazjeovog rada iz 1789. u kome je najavljeno otkriće kiseonika. „Mali broj revolucija u nauci je odmah pobudio toliko opšte pažnje kao uvođenje teorije kiseonika ... Lavoazje je video prihvatanje njegove teorije među najeminentnijim ljudima njegovog vremena, i njeno ukorenjivanje u velikom delu Evrope u roku od nekoliko godina od prvog objavljivanja.”[11]
U 19. veku, Vilijam Vivel opisao je je revoluciju u samoj nauci — naučnom metodu — koja se odvila tokom 15–16 veja. „Među najuočljivijim revolucijama kroz koje su prošla mišljenja o ovoj temi, ubraja se prelazak iz implicitnog poverenja u implicitnu moć čovekovog uma na profesionalnu zavisnost od spoljnog posmatranja; i od neograničenog poštovanja prema mudrosti prošlosti, do strasnog očekivanja promena i poboljšanja.”[12] To je dovelo do zajedničkog pogleda na naučnu revoluciju danas:
Pojavio se novi pogled na prirodu, koji je zamenio grčki stav koji je dominirao naukom gotovo 2000 godina. Nauka je postala autonomna disciplina, različita od filozofije i tehnologije, koja je poprimila svoje utilitarne ciljeve.[13]
Reference uredi
- ^ Galilei, Galileo (1974) Two New Sciences, trans. Stillman Drake, (Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Pr. pp. 217, 225, 296–7.
- ^ Moody, Ernest A. (1951). „Galileo and Avempace: The Dynamics of the Leaning Tower Experiment (I)”. Journal of the History of Ideas. 12 (2): 163—193. JSTOR 2707514. doi:10.2307/2707514.
- ^ Clagett, Marshall (1961) The Science of Mechanics in the Middle Ages. Madison, Univ. of Wisconsin Pr. pp. 218–19, 252–5, 346, 409–16, 547, 576–8, 673–82
- ^ Maier, Anneliese (1982) "Galileo and the Scholastic Theory of Impetus," pp. 103–123 in On the Threshold of Exact Science: Selected Writings of Anneliese Maier on Late Medieval Natural Philosophy. Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania Pr. ISBN 978-0-8122-7831-6.
- ^ Hannam, str. 342
- ^ Grant, pp. 29–30, 42–7.
- ^ Cohen, I. Bernard (1976). „The Eighteenth-Century Origins of the Concept of Scientific Revolution”. Journal of the History of Ideas. 37 (2): 257—288. JSTOR 2708824. doi:10.2307/2708824.
- ^ Cohen, I. Bernard (1965). „Reviewed work: The Scientific Renaissance, 1450-1630, Marie Boas”. Isis. 56 (2): 240—242. JSTOR 227945.
- ^ „PHYS 200 - Lecture 3 - Newton’s Laws of Motion - Open Yale Courses”. oyc.yale.edu.
- ^ Clairaut, Alexis-Claude (1747). „Du système du Monde, Dans Les Principes de la gravitation universelle”.
- ^ Whewell, William (1837). History of the inductive sciences. 2. str. 275, 280.
- ^ Whewell, William (1840). Philosophy of the Inductive sciences. 2. str. 318.
- ^ „Physical Sciences”. Encyclopædia Britannica. 25 (15th izd.). 1993.
Literatura uredi
- „Physical Sciences”. Encyclopædia Britannica. 25 (15th izd.). 1993. str. 830.
- Whewell, William (1837). History of the inductive sciences. 2. str. 275, 280.
- Burns, William E. The Scientific Revolution in Global Perspective (Oxford University Press, 2016) xv + 198 pp.
- Cohen, H. Floris. The Rise of Modern Science Explained: A Comparative History (Cambridge University Press, 2015) . vi + 296 pp.
- Grant, E. (1996). The Foundations of Modern Science in the Middle Ages: Their Religious, Institutional, and Intellectual Contexts. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-56762-6.
- Hannam, James (2011). The Genesis of Science. ISBN 978-1-59698-155-3.
- Henry, John. The Scientific Revolution and the Origins of Modern Science (2008), 176pp
- Knight, David. Voyaging in Strange Seas: The Great Revolution in Science (Yale U.P., 2014) viii + 329 pp.
- Lindberg, D. C. The Beginnings of Western Science: The European Scientific Tradition in Philosophical, Religious, and Institutional Context, 600 B.C. to A.D. 1450 (Univ. of Chicago Press, 1992).
- Pedersen, Olaf (1993). Early Physics and Astronomy: A Historical Introduction. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-40899-8.
- Sharratt, Michael (1994). Galileo: Decisive Innovator. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-56671-1.
- Shapin, Steven (1996). The Scientific Revolution. Chicago: Chicago University Press. ISBN 978-0-226-75020-0.
- Weinberg, Steven. To Explain the World: The Discovery of Modern Science (2015) xiv + 417 pp.
- Westfall, Richard S. Never at Rest: A Biography of Isaac Newton (1983).
- Westfall, Richard S. (1971). The Construction of Modern Science. New York: John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-0-521-29295-5.
- Wootton, David. The Invention of Science: A New History of the Scientific Revolution (Penguin, 2015) . xiv + 769 pp. ISBN 978-0-06-175952-9.
- Bruno, Leonard C. (1989). The Landmarks of Science . ISBN 978-0-8160-2137-6.
- Heilbron, John L., ur. (2003). The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-511229-0.
- Needham, Joseph; Wang, Ling (1954). Introductory Orientations. Science and Civilisation in China. 1. Cambridge University Press.
- Needham, Joseph (1956). History of scientific thought. Science and Civilisation in China. 2. Cambridge University Press. OCLC 1120910827.
- Needham, Joseph; Robinson, Kenneth G.; Huang, Jen-Yü (2004). „General Conclusions and Reflections”. Science and Chinese society. Science and Civilisation in China. 7. Cambridge University Press.
- Sambursky, Shmuel (1974). Physical Thought from the Presocratics to the Quantum Physicists: an anthology selected, introduced and edited by Shmuel Sambursky. Pica Press. str. 584. ISBN 978-0-87663-712-8.
- Agar, Jon (2012) Science in the Twentieth Century and Beyond, Polity Press. ISBN 978-0-7456-3469-2.
- Agassi, Joseph (2007) Science and Its History: A Reassessment of the Historiography of Science (Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, 253) Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-5631-4.
- Boorstin, Daniel (1983). The Discoverers : A History of Man's Search to Know His World and Himself . Random House. ISBN 978-0-394-40229-1. OCLC 9645583.
- Bowler, Peter J. (1993) The Norton History of the Environmental Sciences.
- Brock, W.H. (1993) The Norton History of Chemistry.
- Bronowski, J. (1951) The Common Sense of Science Heinemann. ISBN 978-84-297-1380-0.) (Includes a description of the history of science in England.)
- Byers, Nina and Gary Williams, ed. (2006) Out of the Shadows: Contributions of Twentieth-Century Women to Physics, Cambridge University Press ISBN 978-0-521-82197-1
- Herzenberg, Caroline L. (1986). Women Scientists from Antiquity to the Present Locust Hill Press ISBN 978-0-933951-01-3
- Kuhn, Thomas S. (1996). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (3rd izd.). University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-45807-6.
- Kumar, Deepak (2006). Science and the Raj: A Study of British India, 2nd edition. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-568003-4
- Lakatos, Imre (1978). History of Science and its Rational Reconstructions published in The Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes: Philosophical Papers Volume 1. Cambridge University Press
- Levere, Trevor Harvey. (2001) Transforming Matter: A History of Chemistry from Alchemy to the Buckyball
- Lindberg, David C.; Shank, Michael H., ur. (2013). The Cambridge History of Science. 2, Medieval Science. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-59448-6. doi:10.1017/CHO9780511974007. Arhivirano iz originala 10. 6. 2018. g.
- Lipphardt, Veronika/Ludwig, Daniel, Knowledge Transfer and Science Transfer, EGO – European History Online, Mainz: Institute of European History, 2011, retrieved: March 8, 2020 (pdf).
- Margolis, Howard (2002). It Started with Copernicus. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-138507-7
- Mayr, Ernst. (1985). The Growth of Biological Thought: Diversity, Evolution, and Inheritance.
- North, John. (1995). The Norton History of Astronomy and Cosmology.
- Nye, Mary Jo, ed. (2002). The Cambridge History of Science, Volume 5: The Modern Physical and Mathematical Sciences
- Park, Katharine, and Lorraine Daston, eds. (2006) The Cambridge History of Science, Volume 3: Early Modern Science
- Porter, Roy, ed. (2003). The Cambridge History of Science, Volume 4: The Eighteenth Century
- Rousseau, George and Roy Porter, eds. 1980). The Ferment of Knowledge: Studies in the Historiography of Science Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-22599-1
- Slotten, Hugh Richard, ed. (2014) The Oxford Encyclopedia of the History of American Science, Medicine, and Technology.
- Cohen, Eliel (2021). „The boundary lens: theorising academic activity”. The University and its Boundaries: Thriving or Surviving in the 21st Century 1st Edition. New York, New York: Routledge. str. 14—41. ISBN 978-0367562984. Arhivirano iz originala 5. 5. 2021. g. Pristupljeno 8. 6. 2021.
Spoljašnje veze uredi
- 'What is the History of Science', British Academy
- British Society for the History of Science
- „"Scientific Change"”. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
- The CNRS History of Science and Technology Research Center in Paris (France)
- Henry Smith Williams, History of Science, Vols 1–4, online text
- Digital Archives of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
- Digital facsimiles of books from the History of Science Collection Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (13. januar 2020), Linda Hall Library Digital Collections
- Division of History of Science and Technology of the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science
- Giants of Science (website of the Institute of National Remembrance)
- History of Science Digital Collection: Utah State University – Contains primary sources by such major figures in the history of scientific inquiry as Otto Brunfels, Charles Darwin, Erasmus Darwin, Carolus Linnaeus Antony van Leeuwenhoek, Jan Swammerdam, James Sowerby, Andreas Vesalius, and others.
- History of Science Society ("HSS") Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (15. septembar 2020)
- Inter-Divisional Teaching Commission (IDTC) of the International Union for the History and Philosophy of Science (IUHPS) Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (13. januar 2020)
- International Academy of the History of Science