Panika 1857.
Panika 1857. (engl. Panic of 1857) je bila finansijska panika u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama uzrokovana padom međunarodne ekonomije i preteranim širenjem domaće ekonomije. Usled otkrića telegrafa od strane Samjuela Morzea 1844, Panika 1857, je bila prva finansijska kriza koja se brzo proširila kroz cele SAD.[1] Svetska privreda je takođe do 1850-ih postala više povezana, što je od Panike 1857. napravilo prvu ekonomsku krizu koja je zahvatila čitav svet.[2] U Britaniji, Palmerstonova vlada je zaobišla obaveze Zakona o bankarskim poveljama iz 1844, koje su nalagale da rezerve zlata i srebra odgovaraju količini novca u opticaju. Širenje vesti o ovoj odluci je dovelo do panike u Britaniji.[3]
Ekonomski pad je počeo u septembru 1857, i nije trajao dugo, ali pravi oporavak nije viđen sve do početka Građanskog rata 1861.[4] Potonuće broda SS Centralna Amerika je doprinelo panici 1857, jer su njujorške banke očekivale veoma potrebnu isporuku zlata. Američke banke se nisu oporavile do posle Građanskog rata.[5] Nakon propasti Kompanije za životno osiguranje i trast Ohajo, finansijska panika se brzo proširila i firme su počele da propadaju, železnička industrija je doživela pad a stotine radnika je otpušteno.[6]
Godine koje su prethodile Panici 1857 su bile prosperitetne, i mnoge banke, trgovci i farmeri su iskoristili priliku da rizikuju u svojim ulaganjima, ali kada su cene na tržištu počele da padaju, oni su ubrzo počeli da osećaju efekte finansijske panike.[4]
Vidi još
uredi- Crni petak (1869) — takođe poznat kao Zlatna panika 1869.
- Panika 1873.
- Panika 1893.
Napomene
uredi- ^ Fulfer, Johnny (6. 4. 2018). „Panic of 1857: A Story of Speculative Finance”. The Economic Historian. Pristupljeno 28. 4. 2020.[mrtva veza]
- ^ Vidi „Predgovor” u Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels Volume 28. . International Publishers: New York. 1986. pp. XIII.
- ^ Vidi napomenu 238 u Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels Volume 12. . International Publishers: New York. 1979. pp. 669-670..
- ^ a b Glasner, David (1997). Business Cycles and Depressions: An Encyclopedia
. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Library of Congress. str. 128–132. ISBN 978-0-8240-0944-1.
- ^ Burlingame, Liz (23. 8. 2013). „Sunken Treasures: The World's Most Valuable Shipwreck Discoveries”. The Weather Channel. Arhivirano iz originala 2014-10-06. g.
- ^ „A House Divided”. Dickinson College. Pristupljeno 2011-03-04.
Literatura
uredi- Riddiough, Timothy J.; Thompson, Howard E. (2012). „Déjà Vu All Over Again: Agency, Uncertainty, Leverage and the Panic of 1857”. HKIMR Working Paper. S2CID 167817304. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2042316.
- Calomiris, Charles W.; Schweikart, Larry (1991). „The Panic of 1857: Origins, Transmission, and Containment”. Journal of Economic History. 51 (4): 807—834. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.928.8305
. S2CID 154508073. doi:10.1017/S0022050700040122. - Glasner, David, ed. Business Cycles and Depressions: An Encyclopedia 1997.
- Huston, James L. (1987). The Panic of 1857 and The Coming of the Civil War . Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 978-0807113684.
- Huston, James L (1983). „Western Grains and the Panic of 1857”. Agricultural History. 57 (1): 14—32. JSTOR 3742656.
- Kelly, Morgan; Gráda, Cormac Ó (2000). „Market Contagion: Evidence from the Panics of 1854 and 1857” (PDF). American Economic Review. 90 (5): 1110—1124. JSTOR 2677843. S2CID 17705462. doi:10.1257/aer.90.5.1110. hdl:10197/459 .
- Klein, Philip Shriver. President James Buchanan (Pennsylvania State University Press, 1962).
- Kynaston, David (2017). Till Time's Last Sand: A History of the Bank of England, 1694–2013. New York: Bloomsbury. str. 161—164. ISBN 978-1408868560.
- McPherson, James M. (2003). Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195038637.
- Long, Kathryn Teresa. The Revival of 1857–58: Interpreting an American Religious Awakening Oxford University Press, 1998 online edition Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (5. jun 2011)
- Rezneck, Samuel. Business Depressions and Financial Panics (Greenwood 1968).
- Ross, Michael A. Justice of Shattered Dreams: Samuel Freeman Miller and the Supreme Court During the Civil War Era . Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2003.
- Sobel, Robert (1973). „The Panic of 57”. Machines and Morality: The 1850s. New York: Crowell. ISBN 978-0690002669.
- Spiegelman, Mortimer (1948). „The Failure of Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company, 1857”. Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Quarterly. 57: 247—65.
- Stampp, Kenneth (1990). America in 1857: A Nation on the Brink . New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195039023.
- Twichell, G (1937). „Labor Relations in 1857”. Bulletin of the Business Historical Society. 11 (2): 28—29. JSTOR 3110999. doi:10.2307/3110999.
- Van Vleck, George W (1943). The Panic of 1857, an Analytical Study. New York: Columbia University Press.
Savremene novine
uredi- "Commercial Affairs" New York Daily Times, August 28, 1857
- "A New Tariff" New York Daily Times, February 4, 1857
Literatura
uredi- Mraz, Mark (2011). „Buchananomics: The Economic Policies of James Buchanan”. S2CID 150815724. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1880967.
Spoljašnje veze
uredi- Dickinson College. "House Divided." Accessed October 30, 2010
- Visit to Dred Scott, 1857, Library of Congress