Википедија

Seksualna orijentacija

Seksualna orijentacija je termin koji se koristi kako bi se opisao obrazac emocionalne, romantične ili seksualne privlačnosti koja kod jedne osobe može biti usmerena prema muškom, ženskom, oba pola, nijednom polu, ili drugom polu. Prema Američkoj psihološkoj asocijaciji, seksualna orijentacija je trajna,[1] i takođe obuhvata lični i društveni identitet utemeljen na toj privlačnosti, ponašanje kojim se ispoljava ta privlačnost, i osećaj pripadnosti zajednici osoba koje dele tu privlačnost.[2] Najčešće se govori o tri seksualne orijentacije, to su heteroseksualnost, biseksualnost i homoseksualnost,[3][4][5] mada se sve češće spominje i aseksualnost kao četvrta seksualna orijentacija.[1] Pored ovih, postoje i drugi koncepti koji razlikuju i više seksualnih orijentacija.[6][7]

Istraživanja o faktorima koji utiču na seksualnu orijentaciju nisu mogla doći do jednog jedinstvenog faktora ili uzroka, te se najčešće ističe da na seksualnu orijentaciju utiče kombinacija genetskih i hormonalnih faktora i faktora sredine. Naučnici se slažu da seksualna orijentacija nije predmet ličnog izbora.[8][9][10]

Ove kategorije su aspekti nijansirane prirode seksualnog identiteta i terminologije.[5] Na primer, ljudi mogu da koriste druge oznake, kao što su panseksualac ili poliseksualac,[5][11] ili nijednu.[3] Prema Američkom psihološkom udruženju, seksualna orijentacija se „takođe odnosi na osećaj identiteta osobe zasnovan na tim privlačnostima, povezanim ponašanjima i članstvu u zajednici drugih koji dele te privlačnosti“.[3][2] Androfilija i ginefilija su termini koji se koriste u nauci o ponašanju da opisuju seksualnu orijentaciju kao alternativu rodnoj binarnoj konceptualizaciji. Androfilija opisuje seksualnu privlačnost prema muškosti; ginefilija opisuje seksualnu privlačnost prema ženstvenosti.[12] Termin seksualne preferencije se u velikoj meri preklapa sa seksualnom orijentacijom, ali se generalno razlikuje u psihološkim istraživanjima.[13] Osoba koja se identifikuje kao biseksualna, na primer, može seksualno preferirati jedan pol nad drugim.[14] Seksualne preferencije takođe mogu da sugerišu stepen dobrovoljnog izbora,[13][15][16] dok seksualna orijentacija nije izbor.[10][17][18]

Oblici seksualne orijentacije uredi

Heteroseksualnost - fizička, seksualna, emocionalna i duhovna privlačnost prema osobama različitog pola.

Homoseksualnost - fizička, seksualna, emocionalna i duhovna privlačnost prema osobama istog pola.

Biseksualnost - fizička, seksualna, emocionalna i duhovna privlačnost prema ljudima različitog i istog pola.

Transrodni ljudi takođe imaju seksualnu orijentaciju. Međutim, ona prvenstveno odgovara njihovom rodnom identitetu, a ne poly.

Vidi još uredi

Reference uredi

  1. ^ a b „Sexuality, What is sexual orientation?”. American Psychological Association. Pristupljeno 1. 4. 2011.  (jezik: engleski)
  2. ^ a b „Case No. S147999 in the Supreme Court of the State of California, In re Marriage Cases Judicial Council Coordination Proceeding No. 4365(...) – APA California Amicus Brief — As Filed” (PDF). p. 33 n. 60 (p. 55 per Adobe Acrobat Reader);citation per id., Brief, p. 6 n. 4 (p. 28 per Adobe Acrobat Reader). str. 30. Arhivirano (PDF) iz originala 18. 1. 2012. g. Pristupljeno 13. 3. 2013. 
  3. ^ a b v „Sexual Orientation & Homosexuality”. American Psychological Association. 2020. Arhivirano iz originala 16. 2. 2019. g. Pristupljeno 6. 2. 2020. 
  4. ^ „Sexual Orientation”. American Psychiatric Association. Arhivirano iz originala 22. 7. 2011. g. Pristupljeno 1. 1. 2013. 
  5. ^ a b v „Definitions Related to Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity in APA Documents” (PDF). American Psychological Association. 2015. str. 6. Arhivirano (PDF) iz originala 22. 1. 2021. g. Pristupljeno 6. 2. 2020. „Sexual orientation refers to the sex of those to whom one is sexually and romantically attracted. [...] [It is] one's enduring sexual attraction to male partners, female partners, or both. Sexual orientation may be heterosexual, same-sex (gay or lesbian), or bisexual. [...] A person may be attracted to men, women, both, neither, or to people who are genderqueer, androgynous, or have other gender identities. Individuals may identify as lesbian, gay, heterosexual, bisexual, queer, pansexual, or asexual, among others. [...] Categories of sexual orientation typically have included attraction to members of one's own sex (gay men or lesbians), attraction to members of the other sex (heterosexuals), and attraction to members of both sexes (bisexuals). While these categories continue to be widely used, research has suggested that sexual orientation does not always appear in such definable categories and instead occurs on a continuum [...]. Some people identify as pansexual or queer in terms of their sexual orientation, which means they define their sexual orientation outside of the gender binary of 'male' and 'female' only.” 
  6. ^ Marshall Cavendish Corporation, ur. (2009). „Asexuality”. Sex and Society. 2. Marshall Cavendish. str. 82—83. ISBN 978-0-7614-7905-5. Arhivirano iz originala 16. 10. 2015. g. Pristupljeno 2. 2. 2013. 
  7. ^ Bogaert, AF (april 2015). „Asexuality: What It Is and Why It Matters”. The Journal of Sex Research. 52 (4): 362—379. PMID 25897566. S2CID 23720993. doi:10.1080/00224499.2015.1015713. 
  8. ^ Garcia-Falgueras, Alicia, & Swaab, Dick F., Sexual Hormones and the Brain: An Essential Alliance for Sexual Identity and Sexual Orientation, in Endocrine Development, vol. 17, pp. 22–35 (2010) (ISSN 1421-7082) (autori su članovi holandskog Instituta za neuronauku, koji je u sastavu Kraljevske akademije nauka i umjetnosti Holandije) (vol. 17 is Sandro Loche, Marco Cappa, Lucia Ghizzoni, Mohamad Maghnie, & Martin O. Savage, eds., Pediatric Neuroendocrinology). (jezik: engleski)
  9. ^ „Submission to the Church of England's Listening Exercise on Human Sexuality”. The Royal College of Psychiatrists. Arhivirano iz originala 18. 2. 2014. g. Pristupljeno 13. 6. 2013. 
  10. ^ a b BL, Frankowski; American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Adolescence (jun 2004). „Sexual orientation and adolescents”. Pediatrics. 113 (6): 1827—32. PMID 15173519. doi:10.1542/peds.113.6.1827  . Arhivirano iz originala 2013-03-20. g. Pristupljeno 2012-10-23. 
  11. ^ Firestein 2007, str. 9
  12. ^ Schmidt, J (2010). Migrating Genders: Westernisation, Migration, and Samoan Fa'afafine. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. str. 45. ISBN 978-1-4094-0273-2. 
  13. ^ a b „Avoiding Heterosexual Bias in Language” (PDF). American Psychological Association. Arhivirano (PDF) iz originala 13. 8. 2012. g. Pristupljeno 19. 7. 2011. 
  14. ^ Rosario, M.; Schrimshaw, E.; Hunter, J.; Braun, L. (2006). „Sexual identity development among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths: Consistency and change over time”. Journal of Sex Research. 43 (1): 46—58. PMC 3215279  . PMID 16817067. doi:10.1080/00224490609552298. 
  15. ^ Friedman, Lawrence Meir (1990). The republic of choice: law, authority, and culture. Harvard University Press. str. 92. ISBN 978-0-674-76260-2. Arhivirano iz originala 17. 2. 2022. g. Pristupljeno 8. 1. 2012. 
  16. ^ Heuer, Gottfried (2011). Sexual revolutions: psychoanalysis, history and the father. Taylor & Francis. str. 49. ISBN 978-0-415-57043-5. Arhivirano iz originala 17. 2. 2022. g. Pristupljeno 8. 1. 2011. 
  17. '^ Gloria Kersey-Matusiak (2012). Delivering Culturally Competent Nursing Care. Springer Publishing Company. str. 169. ISBN 978-0-8261-9381-0. Arhivirano iz originala 30. 11. 2016. g. Pristupljeno 10. 2. 2016. „Most health and mental health organizations do not view sexual orientation as a 'choice.” 
  18. ^ Lamanna, Mary Ann; Riedmann, Agnes; Stewart, Susan D (2014). Marriages, Families, and Relationships: Making Choices in a Diverse Society. Cengage Learning. str. 82. ISBN 978-1-305-17689-8. Arhivirano iz originala 30. 11. 2016. g. Pristupljeno 11. 2. 2016. „The reason some individuals develop a gay sexual identity has not been definitively established  – nor do we yet understand the development of heterosexuality. The American Psychological Association (APA) takes the position that a variety of factors impact a person's sexuality. The most recent literature from the APA says that sexual orientation is not a choice that can be changed at will, and that sexual orientation is most likely the result of a complex interaction of environmental, cognitive and biological factors...is shaped at an early age...[and evidence suggests] biological, including genetic or inborn hormonal factors, play a significant role in a person's sexuality (American Psychological Association 2010).” 

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