Čampa

Čampa (vij. Chăm Pa, Chiêm Thành) je naziv za indijsko kraljevstvo čiji su vladari govorili malajsko-polinezijski i koje se protezalo nad onim prostorom koji sada zauzuma centralni i južni Vijetnam otprilike od 7. veka do 1832. godine. Ovo kraljevstvo je bilo poznato kao Nagarakampa (sansk. नगरचम्पः), Čampa (ꨌꩌꨛꨩ) na modernom čamskom i Châmpa (ចាម្ប៉ា) u kmerskim natpisima, Chiêm Thành u kinesko-vijetnamskom rečniku i Zhànchéng (mandarinski: 占城) u kineskim zapisima.

Čampa u periodu 1000.-1100. godine

Kraljevstvo Čampa je nasledilo državu Lin-ji (vij. 林邑) koja je postojala od 192. godine, mada, nije sasvim jasno u kakvoj su vezi bili Lin-ji i Čampa. Kraljevstvo Čampa dostiglo je vrhunac u 9. i 10. veku, nakon čega je počelo postepeno opadati pod pritiskom Đi Viete iz današnjeg severnog Vijetnama. Godine 1741. vijetnamske trupe opustošile su severnu prestonicu Čampe Vijaiu, a 1697. godine, južna oblast Čampe Panduranga postala je vazal vijetnamskog cara. 1832. vijetnamski car Minh Mang anektirao je preostale teritorije Čampa.

Čampa hram Hoa laj

Kraljevine Čampa i Čami doprinose dubokim i direktnim uticajem na istoriju Vijetnama, jugoistočne Azije, kao i na njihovu sadašnjost. Rana Čampa je evoluirala iz lokalne pomorske austronezijske čamske sahjuinske kulture na obali savremenog Vijetnama. Pojava Čampe u kasnom 2. veku nove ere pokazuje svedočanstvo o ranom stvaranju države jugoistočne Azije i ključnoj fazi formiranja jugoistočne Azije. Narodi Čampe su uspostavili i održavali širok sistem prosperosnih trgovinskih mreža širom regiona, povezujući Indijski okean i istočnu Aziju, sve do 17. veka. U Čampi, istoričari takođe svedoče o tome da je prva i najstarija književnost na jeziku Jugoistočne Azije napisana oko 350. godine nove ere, što predstavlja početak verske i kulturne difuzije iz obližnje Indije u Jugoistočnu Aziju, koja je prethodila prvim kmerskim, mon, malajskim tekstovima za više vekova.

Čami modernog Vijetnama i Kambodže su glavni ostaci ovog bivšeg kraljevstva. Oni govore čamske jezike, potporodicu malajsko-polinezijskih jezika koja je blisko povezana sa malajskim i balijsko-sasaškim jezicima. Čampa je imala multietnički identitet, koji se sastojao od austronezijskih naroda koji su govorili čamski i koji su činili većinu njenog ukupnog stanovništva. Ljudi koji su nekada naseljavali region su današnji narodi Čam, Rade i Jaraj koji govore čamski u Južnom i Centralnom Vijetnamu i Kambodži; Akehnese sa severne Sumatre, Indonezija, zajedno sa elementima austroazijskih bahnarskih i katuičkih naroda u centralnom Vijetnamu.

Literatura

• Cœdès, George (1966), The Making of South East Asia, University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-05061-4 
• Hardy, Andrew David; Cucarzi, Mauro; Zolese, Patrizia (2009). Champa and the Archaeology of Mỹ Sơn (Vietnam). NUS Press. ISBN 978-9971-69-451-7. 
• Hubert, Jean-François (8. 5. 2012). The Art of Champa. Parkstone International. ISBN 978-1-78042-964-9. 
• Griffiths, Arlo; Hardy, Andrew; Wade, Geoff, ur. (2019). Champa: Territories and Networks of a Southeast Asian Kingdom. Danang: École française d’Extrême-Orient. ISBN 978-2-85539-269-1. 
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• Ngô, Văn Doanh (2002). Chămpa Ancient Towers. Hanoi: Thế Giới Publishers. 
• Ngô, Văn Doanh (2005). Mỹ Sơn Relics. Thế Giới Publishers. 
• Noseworthy, William (2017), Cham Bani also known as "Localized Shi'a Cham Muslims in Vietnam", "Bani Islam", Database of Religious History. University of British Columbia 
• Grant, Anthony; Sidwell, Paul, ur. (2005). Chamic and Beyond: Studies in Mainland Austronesian Languages. Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-85883-561-0. 
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  • Whitmore, John K. (2011), „The Last Great King of Classical Southeast Asia: Che Bong Nga and Fourteenth Century Champa”, Ur.: Lockhart, Bruce; Trần, Kỳ Phương, The Cham of Vietnam: History, Society and Art, University of Hawaii Press, str. 168—203 
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• Vu, Hong Lien (2017), Cham Features in Buddhist Arts under the Lý Dynasty of Vietnam 
• Weber, Nicolas (2012). „The destruction and assimilation of Campā (1832–35) as seen from Cam sources”. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 43 (1): 158—180. S2CID 154818297. doi:10.1017/S0022463411000701. 
• Boisselier, Jean (1963). La statuaire du Champa (na jeziku: francuski). Paris, France: École Française d'Extrême-Orient. ASIN B0014Y6TPQ. 
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• Higham, Charles (2014). Early Mainland Southeast Asia: From First Humans to Angkor. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-6-16733-944-3. 
• Hubert, Jean-François (8. 5. 2012). The Art of Champa. Parkstone International. ISBN 978-1-78042-964-9. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
• Lafont, Pierre-Bernard (2007). Le Campā: Géographie, population, histoire. Indes savantes. ISBN 978-2-84654-162-6. 
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• Ngô, Văn Doanh (2012). Chămpa. Hanoi: National government publication, Thé̂ Giới Publishers. ISBN 9786047703913. 
• Ngô, Văn Doanh (2005). Mỹ Sơn relics. Hanoi: Thế Giới Publishers. OCLC 646634414. 
• Tran, Ky Phuong; Lockhart, Bruce, ur. (2011). The Cham of Vietnam: History, Society and Art. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-9-971-69459-3. 
  • Glover, Ian (2011), „Excavations at Gò Cấm, Quảng Nam,2000–3: Linyi and the Emergence of the Cham Kingdoms”, Ur.: Lockhart, Bruce; Trần, Kỳ Phương, The Cham of Vietnam: History, Society and Art, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press, str. 54—80 
  • Southworth, William Aelred (2011), „River Settlement and Coastal Trade: Towards a Specific Model of Early State Development in Champa”, Ur.: Lockhart, Bruce; Trần, Kỳ Phương, The Cham of Vietnam: History, Society and Art, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press, str. 102—120 
  • Momorki, Shiro (2011), „"Mandala Campa" Seen from Chinese Sources”, Ur.: Lockhart, Bruce; Trần, Kỳ Phương, The Cham of Vietnam: History, Society and Art, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press, str. 120—137 

Spoljašnje veze

• Proceedings of the Seminar on Champa Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (12. maj 2005), "Research on Champa and its Evolution"
• The Survivors of a Lost Civilisation Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (13. februar 2012)
• Cham Muslims: A look at Cambodia's Muslim minority
• The Cham Muslims of Indo-China Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (7. септембар 2020)
• „Research on Champa and its Evolution” (PDF). Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 26. 02. 2021. г. Приступљено 02. 08. 2020. 
• Website of the Asia Research Institute, including the working paper "Champa Revised" by Michael Vickery, and the draft translation "Champa in the Song hui-yao" by Geoff Wade
• Ken, Danny Wong Tze (11. 3. 2004). „Vietnam-Champa Relations and the Malay-Islam Regional Network in the 17th–19th Centuries”. Kyoto Review of Southeast Asia. 
• Photos of Cham art exhibited in Vietnamese museums
• Plumeria flowers – Champa Flowers – La fleur de frangipaniers – Hoa Sứ, Hoa đại, Hoa Champa
• Photographs of Champa Temples Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (24. oktobar 2014)