Galecyon

Galecyon; Vremenski raspon: 56.0–50.3 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N rani eocen
	ilustracija donje vilice vrste; Galecyon mordax
	zubi vrste Galecyon morloi
Naučna klasifikacija
Domen:	Eukaryota
Carstvo:	Animalia
Tip:	Chordata
Klasa:	Mammalia
Red:	†Hyaenodonta
Rod:	†Galecyon; Gingerich & Deutsch, 1989
Tipska vrsta
	†Galecyon mordax; Matthew & Granger, 1915
Vrste
	†Galecyon chronius; †Galecyon gallus; †Galecyon mordax; †Galecyon morloi; †Galecyon peregrinus;
Sinonimi
	sinonimi roda: Gallecyon (Lavrov, 1999) ; sinonimi vrste: G. mordax: Paeneprolimnocyon mordax (Delson, 1971) ; Prototomus mordax (Van Valen, 1965) ; Sinopa mordax (Matthew & Granger, 1915) ; ;

Galecyon (Galekion — „lasicoliki pas”) je izumrli rod placentalnih sisara iz izumrlog reda Hyaenodonta, koji je u periodu ranog eocena nastanjivao područje Evrope i Sjeverne Amerike.^[5]^[6]

Etimologija naziva uredi

Rod:	Porijeklo naziva od:	Značenje naziva:
Galecyon	starogrčke riječi gale (stgrč. γαλῆ), koja znači lasica i starogrčke riječi kion (stgrč. κύων), koja znači pas	lasicoliki pas

Vrste:	Porijeklo naziva od:	Značenje naziva:
G. chronius	roda Galecyon i latinske riječi kronijus (lat. chronius), koja znači izdržljiv	izdržljivi Galekion
G. gallus	roda Galecyon i regije Galija	Galekion iz Galije
G. mordax	roda Galecyon i latinske riječi mordaks (lat. mordax), koja znači gristi	Galekion koji grize
G. morloi	roda Galecyon i prezimena njemalkog palentologa, doktora Mihaela Morloa	morlov Galekion
G. peregrinus	roda Galecyon i latinske riječi peregrinus (lat. peregrinus), koja znači strano	strani Galekion

Opis uredi

Vrste iz roda Galecyon su težile između 5,2 do 7,9 kg i dostizale su veličinu omanje crvene lisice.^[7] Za raliku od bliskih srodnika, ove vrste nisu bile prilagođenje penjanju po drveću niti za brzo trčanje, već su po svom ponašanju bile slične žderavcu i američkim tvorovima.^[7]^[8]

Sistematika uredi

Klasifikacija uredi

Rod: †*Galecyon* (Gingerich & Deutsch, 1989)
Vrste:	Rasprostranjenost fosila i lokacija:	Vremenski raspon:
†G. chronius (Zack, 2011)^[9]	SAD (Vajoming)	53,0 do 50,3 mil. god.
†G. gallus (Solé, 2013)^[10]	Francuska (Provansa-Alpi-Azurna obala)	56,0 do 55,2 mil. god.
†G. mordax (Matthew & Granger, 1915)^[11]	SAD (Vajoming)	55,4 do 53,0 mil. god.
†G. morloi (Smith & Smith, 2001)^[12]	Belgija (pokrajina Flamanski Brabant)	56,0 do 55,2 mil. god.
†G. peregrinus (Zack, 2011)	SAD (Vajoming)	55,4 do 53,0 mil. god.

Filogenija uredi

Dolje prikazan kladogram predstavlja filogenetske veze roda Galecyon.^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17]

†Hyaenodonta

†Eoproviverra

†Boualitomidae

	†Arfiidae

	†Limnocyonidae

†Sinopidae

†Hyaenodontoidea

†Galecyon

	†Galecyon chronius

	†Galecyon morax

†Galecyon peregrinus

†Galecyon gallus

†Galecyon morloi

	†Gazinocyon

	†Pyrocyon

†Parvavorodon

	†Indohyaenodontidae

	†Glibzegdouia

†Indohyaenodon grupa

†Koholiidae

†Tritemnodon

†Tritemnodon grupa

†Teratodontidae

†Apterodontinae

	†Maocyon	†Maocyon/Orienspterodon grupa

	†Orienspterodon

†Hyainailourinae

	†Hemipsalodon

	†Ischnognathus

†Akhnatenavus grupa

†Akhnatenavus

?

†"Pterodon" sp. (BC 15’08)

?

†Hyainailourinae sp. (UON 84-359)

?

†Hyainailourinae sp. C (DPC 9243 & DPC 10315)

?

†Hyainailourinae sp. D (DPC 6545)

	†Kerberos

	†"Pterodon" syrtos

†Pterodon grupa

†Pterodontina

?	†Hyainailourinae sp. A (DPC 6555)

	†"Pterodon" africanus

	†Parapterodon

?

†"Pterodon" sp. (DPC 5036)

†"Pterodon" phiomensis

†Hyainailourini

†Paroxyaenini

†Falcatodon

†Sectisodon

	†Exiguodon

	†Isohyaenodon zadoki

†Isohyaenodon (†Isohyaenodontina)

†Isohyaenodon andrewsi

	†Sivapterodon

	†Hyainailouros bugtiensis

†Hyainailouros napakensis

†Hyainailouros

	†Hyainailouros sulzeri

?	†Hyainailourinae sp. (GSN AD 100’96)

†Simbakubwa

	†Leakitheriini

	†Megistotherium

	†Mlanyama

	†Metapterodontini

†Pakakali

†Prionogalidae

†Hyainailouridae

†Hyainailouroidea

†Lahimia grupa

†Arfia grupa

†Galecyon grupa

†afro-arabijska grupa

Vremenska rasprostranjenst roda Galecyon unutar reda Hyaenodonta uredi

Vidi još uredi

Reference uredi

^ Philip D. Gingerich and Harvey A. Deutsch (1989). „Systematics and evolution of early Eocene Hyaenodontidae (Mammalia, Creodonta) in the Clarks Fork Basin, Wyoming” (PDF). Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan. 27 (13): 327—391.
^ A. V. Lavrov (1999) "Adaptive Radiation of Hyaenodontinae (Creodonta, Hyaenodontidae) of Asia." in 6th Congress of the Theriological Society, Moscow, April 13–16, p. 138 [in Russian].
^ E. Delson (1971) "Fossil mammals of the early Wasatchian Powder River local fauna, Eocene of northeast." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 146(4)
^ Van Valen, Leigh (1965). „Some European Proviverrini (Mammalia, Deltatheridia)” (PDF). Palaeontology. 8: 638–665.
^ McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Pristupljeno 16. 3. 2015. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
^ „PaleoBiology Database: Galecyon, basic info”. Arhivirano iz originala 13. 01. 2021. g. Pristupljeno 12. 01. 2021.
^ ^a ^b Zack, S. P.; Rose, K. D. (novembar 2015). „A postcranial skeleton of Galecyon: evidence for morphological and locomotor diversity in early Hyaenodontidae (Mammalia, Hyaenodontida)”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 35 (6): e1001492. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.1001492. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
^ Johns Hopkins Medicine (2015.) "A well-preserved skeleton reveals the ecology and evolution of early carnivorous mammals"
^ Zack, S. P. (2011). „New species of the rare early Eocene creodont Galecyon and the radiation of early Hyaenodontidae”. Journal of Paleontology. 85 (2): 315—336. doi:10.1666/10-093.1.
^ Floréal Solé; Emmanuel Gheerbrant; Marc Godinot (2013). „Sinopaninae and Arfianinae (Hyaenodontida, Mammalia) from the Early Eocene of Europe and Asia; evidence for dispersal in Laurasia around the Paleocene/Eocene boundary and for an unnoticed faunal turnover in Europe”. Geobios. 46 (4): 313—327. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2013.02.003.
^ W. D. Matthew and W. Granger (1915) "A revision of the Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River faunas." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 34(1):1-103
^ T. Smith and R. Smith (2001) "The creodonts (Mammalia, Ferae) from the Paleocene-Eocene transition in Belgium (Tienen Formation, MP7)." Belgian Journal of Zoology 131(2):117-135
^ Borths, Matthew R.; Stevens, Nancy J. (2017). „Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)”. Palaeontologia Electronica. 20 (3): 55A. doi:10.26879/776  .
^ Matthew R. Borths; Nancy J. Stevens (2019). „Simbakubwa kutokaafrika, gen. et sp. nov. (Hyainailourinae, Hyaenodonta, 'Creodonta,' Mammalia), a gigantic carnivore from the earliest Miocene of Kenya”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (1): e1570222. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1570222.
^ Floréal Solé; Bernard Marandat; Fabrice Lihoreau (2020). „The hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the French locality of Aumelas (Hérault), with possible new representatives from the late Ypresian”. Geodiversitas. 42 (13): 185—214. doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a13.
^ Solé, F.; Morlo, M.; Schaal, T.; Lehmann, T. (2021). „New hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the late Ypresian locality of Prémontré (France) support a radiation of the hyaenodonts in Europe already at the end of the early Eocene”. Geobios. 66-67: 119—141. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2021.02.004.
^ Averianov, Alexander; Obraztsova, Ekaterina; Danilov, Igor; Jin, Jian-Hua (2023). „A new hypercarnivorous hyaenodont from the Eocene of South China”. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 11. ISSN 2296-701X. doi:10.3389/fevo.2023.1076819/full.

Literatura uredi

L. Van Valen (1969) "Evolution of dental growth and adaptation in mammalian carnivores." Evolution 23(1):96-117
G. F. Gunnell (1998) "Creodonta". In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.), "Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America, Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulate like Mammals", Cambridge University Press, 703 pages ISBN 9780521355193
Solé, Floréal; Gheerbrant, Emmanuel; Amaghzaz, Mbarek; Bouya, Baâdi (2009). „Further evidence of the African antiquity of hyaenodontid (‘Creodonta’, Mammalia) evolution”. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 156 (4): 827—846. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00501.x  .
Floréal Solé (2013). „New proviverrine genus from the Early Eocene of Europe and the first phylogeny of Late Palaeocene–Middle Eocene hyaenodontidans (Mammalia)”. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 11 (4): 375—398. doi:10.1080/14772019.2012.686927.
Matthew R. Borths; Patricia A. Holroyd; Erik R. Seiffert (2016). „Hyainailourine and teratodontine cranial material from the late Eocene of Egypt and the application of parsimony and Bayesian methods to the phylogeny and biogeography of Hyaenodonta (Placentalia, Mammalia)”. PeerJ. 4: e2639. PMC 5111901  . PMID 27867761. doi:10.7717/peerj.2639.

[1] Philip D. Gingerich and Harvey A. Deutsch (1989). „Systematics and evolution of early Eocene Hyaenodontidae (Mammalia, Creodonta) in the Clarks Fork Basin, Wyoming” (PDF). Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan. 27 (13): 327—391.

[Lavrov1999-2] A. V. Lavrov (1999) "Adaptive Radiation of Hyaenodontinae (Creodonta, Hyaenodontidae) of Asia." in 6th Congress of the Theriological Society, Moscow, April 13–16, p. 138 [in Russian].

[3] E. Delson (1971) "Fossil mammals of the early Wasatchian Powder River local fauna, Eocene of northeast." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 146(4)

[4] Van Valen, Leigh (1965). „Some European Proviverrini (Mammalia, Deltatheridia)” (PDF). Palaeontology. 8: 638–665.

[McKenna_&_Bell-5] McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Pristupljeno 16. 3. 2015. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)

[6] „PaleoBiology Database: Galecyon, basic info”. Arhivirano iz originala 13. 01. 2021. g. Pristupljeno 12. 01. 2021.

[Zack2015-7] Zack, S. P.; Rose, K. D. (novembar 2015). „A postcranial skeleton of Galecyon: evidence for morphological and locomotor diversity in early Hyaenodontidae (Mammalia, Hyaenodontida)”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 35 (6): e1001492. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.1001492. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)

[8] Johns Hopkins Medicine (2015.) "A well-preserved skeleton reveals the ecology and evolution of early carnivorous mammals"

[Zack2011-9] Zack, S. P. (2011). „New species of the rare early Eocene creodont Galecyon and the radiation of early Hyaenodontidae”. Journal of Paleontology. 85 (2): 315—336. doi:10.1666/10-093.1.

[10] Floréal Solé; Emmanuel Gheerbrant; Marc Godinot (2013). „Sinopaninae and Arfianinae (Hyaenodontida, Mammalia) from the Early Eocene of Europe and Asia; evidence for dispersal in Laurasia around the Paleocene/Eocene boundary and for an unnoticed faunal turnover in Europe”. Geobios. 46 (4): 313—327. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2013.02.003.

[11] W. D. Matthew and W. Granger (1915) "A revision of the Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River faunas." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 34(1):1-103

[12] T. Smith and R. Smith (2001) "The creodonts (Mammalia, Ferae) from the Paleocene-Eocene transition in Belgium (Tienen Formation, MP7)." Belgian Journal of Zoology 131(2):117-135

[Matthew2017-13] Borths, Matthew R.; Stevens, Nancy J. (2017). „Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)”. Palaeontologia Electronica. 20 (3): 55A. doi:10.26879/776  .

[Simbakubwa-14] Matthew R. Borths; Nancy J. Stevens (2019). „Simbakubwa kutokaafrika, gen. et sp. nov. (Hyainailourinae, Hyaenodonta, 'Creodonta,' Mammalia), a gigantic carnivore from the earliest Miocene of Kenya”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (1): e1570222. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1570222.

[Geodiversitas4213-15] Floréal Solé; Bernard Marandat; Fabrice Lihoreau (2020). „The hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the French locality of Aumelas (Hérault), with possible new representatives from the late Ypresian”. Geodiversitas. 42 (13): 185—214. doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a13.

[hyaenodontsGeobios-16] Solé, F.; Morlo, M.; Schaal, T.; Lehmann, T. (2021). „New hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the late Ypresian locality of Prémontré (France) support a radiation of the hyaenodonts in Europe already at the end of the early Eocene”. Geobios. 66-67: 119—141. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2021.02.004.

[Maocyon-17] Averianov, Alexander; Obraztsova, Ekaterina; Danilov, Igor; Jin, Jian-Hua (2023). „A new hypercarnivorous hyaenodont from the Eocene of South China”. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 11. ISSN 2296-701X. doi:10.3389/fevo.2023.1076819/full.

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Galecyon Vremenski raspon: 56.0–50.3 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N rani eocen

ilustracija donje vilice vrste Galecyon mordax

zubi vrste Galecyon morloi
Naučna klasifikacija
Domen:	Eukaryota
Carstvo:	Animalia
Tip:	Chordata
Klasa:	Mammalia
Red:	†Hyaenodonta
Rod:	†Galecyon Gingerich & Deutsch, 1989^[1]
Tipska vrsta
†Galecyon mordax Matthew & Granger, 1915
Vrste
†Galecyon chronius †Galecyon gallus †Galecyon mordax †Galecyon morloi †Galecyon peregrinus
Sinonimi
sinonimi roda: Gallecyon (Lavrov, 1999)^[2] sinonimi vrste: G. mordax: Paeneprolimnocyon mordax (Delson, 1971)^[3] Prototomus mordax (Van Valen, 1965)^[4] Sinopa mordax (Matthew & Granger, 1915)