Filipinsko-američki rat

Filipinsko-američki rat, koji se naziva i Filipino-američkim ratom, Filipinskim ratom, Filipinskom pobunom ili Tagaloškom pobunom (filipinski: Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano; španski: Guerra Filipino-Estadounidense), bio je oružani sukob između Prve Filipinske Republike i Sjedinjenih Država koji je trajao od 4. februara 1899. do 2. jula 1902. Dok su filipinski nacionalisti na sukob gledali kao na nastavak borbe za nezavisnost koja je započeta 1896. godine Filipinskom revolucijom, Američka vlada je to smatrala pobunom. Sukob je nastao kada se Prva Filipinska Republika usprotivila uslovima Pariskog ugovora po kojem su SAD preuzele Filipine od Španije, okončavši kratki Špansko-američki rat.

Filipinsko-američki rat Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano
U smeru kazaljki na satu od gore levo: Trupe SAD u Manila, Gregorio del Pilar i njegove trupe oko 1898, Amerikanci čuvaju most na reci Pasig 1898. godine,Bitka za Santa Kruz, Filipinski vojnici kod Malolosa, Bitka kod Kingva
Vreme: 4. februar 1899 – 2. jul 1902 (3 године, 4 месеца и 4 седмице) Moro pobuna: 1899–1913 Mesto: Filipini Ishod: Američka pobeda Američka okupacija Filipina; raspuštanje Prve Filipinske Republike Teritorijalne promene: Filipini postaju neinkorporirana teritorija Sjedinjenih Država i, kasnije Komonvelta SAD (do 1946).
Sukobljene strane
1899–1902 Sjedinjene Države Vojna vlada	1899–1902 Philippine Republic Negros republika Zamboanga republika Ograničena strana podrška: Japansko carstvo
1902–1913 Sjedinjene Države Ostrvska vlada	1902–1906 Tagalog republika 1899–1913 Sulu sultanat
Jačina
≈126.000 total ≈24.000 do ≈44.000 borbena jačina	≈80.000–100.000 regularni i rezervisti
Žrtve i gubici
4.234–6,165 killed, 2.818 ranjeno	16.000-20.000 ubijeno
Filipinski civili: 250.000–1.000.000 umrlo, najviše zbog gladi i bolesti; uključujući 200.000 umrlih od kolere.

Borba je izbila između snaga Sjedinjenih Država i Filipinske republike 4. februara 1899. godine, u onome što je postalo poznata kao Bitka za Manilu iz 1899. godine. Dana 2. juna 1899. godine Prva Filipinska Republika zvanično je objavila rat protiv Sjedinjenih Država. Rat je zvanično završen 2. jula 1902. pobedom Sjedinjenih Država. Međutim, neke filipinske grupe - predvođene veteranima Katipunana, filipinskog revolucionarnog društva - nastavile su da se bore protiv američkih snaga još nekoliko godina. Među tim vođama bio je i general Makario Sakaj, veteranski član Katipunana koji je preuzeo dužnost predsedavajućeg proglašene Tagalog republike, formirane 1902. godine nakon hvatanja predsednika Emilija Aguinalda. Ostale grupe, uključujući narode Moro i Pulahan, nastavile su sa neprijateljstvima u udaljenim predelima i ostrvima, sve do svog konačnog poraza u bici kod Bud Bagsaka, 15. juna 1913. godine.

Rat je rezultirao smrću najmanje 200.000 filipinskih civila, uglavnom zbog gladi i bolesti. Neke procene za ukupne civilne mrtve dostižu i milion. Rat, a posebno američka okupacija koja je usledela, promenili su kulturu ostrva, što je dovelo do ukidanja Katoličke crkve na Filipinima kao državne religije i uvođenja engleskog na ostrva kao primarnog jezika vlasti, obrazovanja, biznisa, industrije, i u narednim decenijama, među porodicama više klase i obrazovanim pojedincima.

Godine 1902. Kongres Sjedinjenih Država usvojio je Filipinski organski zakon, kojim je predviđeno stvaranje Filipinske skupštine, sa članovima koje biraju Filipinski muškarci (žene nisu imale glas sve do nakon plebiscita o izboru iz 1937). Ovaj zakon je zamenjen Džonsovim zakonom iz 1916. godine (Zakon o autonomiji Filipina), koji je sadržao prvu formalnu i zvaničnu izjavu posvećenosti vlade Sjedinjenih Država da se na kraju odobri nezavisnost Filipinima. Tajdings-Makdafijev zakon iz 1934. (Zakon of filipinskoj nezavisnosti) stvorio je Filipinski komonvelt sledeće godine, povećavajući samoupravu pre nezavisnosti i uspostavio proces ka punoj filipinskoj nezavisnosti (prvobitno planiranoj za 1944. godinu, ali je to omeo i odložio Drugi svetski rat). Sjedinjene Države su dale nezavisnost 1946, posle Drugog svetskog rata i Japanske okupacije Filipina, Sporazumom iz Manile.

Literatura

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• The "Lodge Committee" (a.k.a. Philippine Investigating Committee) hearings and a great deal of documentation were published in three volumes (3000 pages) as S. Doc. 331, 57th Cong., 1st Session An abridged version of the oral testimony can be found in: American Imperialism and the Philippine Insurrection: Testimony Taken from Hearings on Affairs in the Philippine Islands before the Senate Committee on the Philippines—1902; edited by Henry F Graff; Publisher: Little, Brown; 1969.
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Spoljašnje veze

• The American Peril – An Examination of the Spanish–American War and the Philippine Insurrection by Dan Carlin
• War Arnaldo Dumindin
• Images from the Philippine-United States War historicaltextarchive.com
• A brief description of the war between the United States and the Philippines, which began in 1899.
• "August 13, 1898 and RP's short-lived republic" на сајту Wayback Machine (архивирано 2008-02-13)by Mariano "Anong" Santos, Pinoy Newsmagazine, August 2006 (archived on 2008-02-13)
• "Imperial Amnesia" by John B. Judis, Foreign Policy, July/August 2004
• The Philippine Revolutionary Records at Filipiniana.net (archived on 2009-05-25).
• "Battle of Paceo", 1899 painting by Kurz and Allison на сајту Wayback Machine (архивирано 2011-05-11)(archived on 2011-05-11)
• "Battle of Quingua", 1899 painting by Kurz and Allison на сајту Wayback Machine (архивирано 2011-05-11)(archived on 2011-05-11)
• of Philippine–American War
• Booknotes interview with Stanley Karnow on In Our Датотека: America's Empire in the Philippines, May 28, 1989.
• No. 15 Spanish 12-pounder Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (21. септембар 2012) Photo of a bronze cannon captured by the Americans in Manila.
• Philippine–American War – 1899–1902 (videos)
• Reenactment of Spanish–American War (video) на сајту YouTube
• Spanish–American War Reenactment Groups