Konjici
Insekti u familiji Tettigoniidae se čsto nazivaju katididi (u Australiji, Južnoj Africi, Sjedinjenim Državama),[1] ili žbunski cvrčci (na Britanskim ostrvima).[2] Oni su ranije bili poznati kao dugorogi skakavci.[3] Više od 6.400 vrsta je poznato. Kao deo podreda Ensifera, Tettigoniidae su jedina postojeća familija u nadfamiliji Tettigonioidea.
| Konjici Vremenski raspon:
| |
|---|---|
| |
| Tettigonia viridissima | |
| Stridulacija vrste T. viridissima | |
Naučna klasifikacija 
| |
| Domen: | Eukaryota |
| Carstvo: | Animalia |
| Tip: | Arthropoda |
| Klasa: | Insecta |
| Red: | Orthoptera |
| Podred: | Ensifera |
| Infrared: | Tettigoniidea |
| Natporodica: | Tettigonioidea Krauss, 1902 |
| Porodica: | Tettigoniidae Krauss, 1902 |
| Podfamilije | |
Oni su uglavnom noćne životinje sa oštrim pozivima na parenje. Mnogi konjci ispoljavaju mimikriju i kamuflažu, obično u vidu oblika i boja sličnih lišću.[4]
Izgled
уредиTelo im je duguljasto, najčešće zelene ili smeđe zaštitne boje, glava velika, oči složene, čeljusti za griženje i žvakanje, antene duge, često duže od njihovog tela. Ženka ima dugu leglicu koja joj omogućava polaganje jaja duboko u tlo. Stridulacijski organi im se nalaze pri dnu prednjih krila pa kad zriču uzdignu prednja krila i brzo ih pomiču. Neke vrste imaju razvijena oba para krila, dok su kod roda Barbitistes zakržljala.
Larve
уредиLarve se razvijaju nepotpunom preobrazbom, a u zadnjem presvlačenju dobijaju krila.
Prehrana
уредиLisni skakavci ili konjici prvenstveno su biljožderi, ali ima i entomofagnih mesoždera.
Sistematika
уредиPotporodice
уреди- Potporodica: Acridoxeninae Zeuner, 1936
- Potporodica: Austrosaginae Rentz, D.C.F., 1993
- Potporodica: Bradyporinae Thomas, C., 1872
- Potporodica: Conocephalinae Thomas, C., 1872
- Potporodica: Hetrodinae Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
- Potporodica: Lipotactinae Ingrisch, 1995
- Potporodica: Listroscelidinae Redtenbacher, 1891
- Potporodica: Meconematinae Karsch, 1891
- Potporodica: Mecopodinae Karsch, 1891
- Potporodica: Microtettigoniinae Rentz, D.C.F., 1979
- Potporodica: Phaneropterinae Burmeister, 1838
- Potporodica: Phasmodinae Caudell, 1912
- Potporodica: Phyllophorinae Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1898
- Potporodica: Pseudophyllinae Burmeister, 1840
- Potporodica: Pseudotettigoniinae Sharov, 1962 †
- Potporodica: Saginae Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
- Potporodica: Tettigoniinae Stoll, C., 1787
- Potporodica: Tympanophorinae Kirby, W.F., 1906
- Potporodica: Zaprochilinae Rentz, D.C.F. & Clyne, 1983
- Rod Arctolocusta Heer †
- Rod Lithymnetes Scudder, S.H., 1878 †
Rodovi
уреди- Acrodectes Rehn and Hebard, 1920
- Aglaothorax Caudell, 1907
- Amblycorypha Stål, 1873
- Anabrus Haldeman, 1852
- Apote Scudder, 1897
- Arethaea Stål, 1876
- Ateloplus Scudder, 1894
- Atlanticus Scudder, 1894
- Belocephalus Scudder, 1875
- Brachyinsara Rehn and Hebard, 1914
- Bucrates Burmeister, 1838
- Capnobotes Scudder, 1897
- Caulopsis Redtenbacher, 1891
- Clinopleura Scudder, 1894
- Conocephalus Thunberg, 1815
- Copiphora Serville, 1831
- Cyrtophyllicus Hebard, 1908
- Decticita Hebard, 1939
- Dichopetala Brunner, 1878
- Eremopedes Cockerell, 1898
- Euconocephalus Karny, 1907
- Holochlora Stål, 1873
- Hubbellia Hebard, 1927
- Idionotus Scudder, 1894
- Idiostatus Pictet, 1888
- Insara F. Walker, 1869
- Inscudderia Caudell, 1921
- Inyodectes Rentz and Birchim, 1968
- Lea Caudell, 1906
- Meconema Serville, 1831
- Metrioptera Wesmael, 1838
- Microcentrum Scudder, 1863
- Montezumina Hebard, 1925
- Neduba F. Walker, 1869
- Neobarrettia Rehn, 1901
- Neoconocephalus Karny, 1907
- Odontoxiphidium Morse, 1891
- Orchelimum Serville, 1839
- Orophus Saussure, 1859
- Paracyrtophyllus Caudell, 1906
- Pediodectes Rehn and Hebard, 1916
- Peranabrus Scudder, 1894
- Petropedes Tinkham, 1972
- Phaneroptera Serville, 1831
- Plagiostira Scudder, 1876
- Platycleis Fieber, 1853
- Platylyra Scudder, 1898
Vrste
уредиPoznato je oko 6400 vrsta.[5]
- Acrodectes philopagus Rehn and Hebard, 1920
- Aglaothorax diminutiva (Rentz and Birchim, 1968)
- Aglaothorax gurneyi (Rentz and Birchim, 1968)
- Aglaothorax longipennis (Rentz and Weissman, 1981)
- Aglaothorax morsei (Caudell, 1907)
- Aglaothorax ovata (Scudder, 1899)
- Aglaothorax propsti (Rentz and Weissman, 1981)
- Amblycorypha alexanderi T. J. Walker, 2003
- Amblycorypha bartrami T. J. Walker, 2003
- Amblycorypha floridana Rehn, 1905
- Amblycorypha insolita Rehn and Hebard, 1914
- Amblycorypha oblongifolia (De Geer, 1773)
- Amblycorypha parvipennis Stål, 1876
- Amblycorypha rotundifolia (Scudder, 1863)
- Amblycorypha uhleri Stål, 1876
- Anabrus cerciata Caudell, 1907
- Anabrus longipes Caudell, 1907
- Anabrus simplex Haldeman, 1852
- Anabrus spokan Rehn and Hebard, 1920
- Apote notabilis Scudder, 1897
- Apote robusta Caudell, 1907
- Arethaea ambulator Hebard, 1936
- Arethaea arachnopyga Rehn and Hebard, 1914
- Arethaea brevicauda (Scudder, 1900)
- Arethaea carita Scudder, 1902
- Arethaea constricta Brunner, 1878
- Arethaea coyotero Hebard, 1935
- Arethaea gracilipes (Thomas, 1870)
- Arethaea grallator (Scudder, 1877)
- Arethaea mescalero Hebard, 1936
- Arethaea phalangium (Scudder, 1877)
- Arethaea phantasma Rehn and Hebard, 1914
- Arethaea polingi Hebard, 1935
- Arethaea sellata Rehn, 1907
- Arethaea semialata Rehn and Hebard, 1914
- Ateloplus coconino Hebard, 1935
- Ateloplus hesperus Hebard, 1934
- Ateloplus joaquin Rentz, 1972
- Ateloplus luteus Caudell, 1907
- Ateloplus minor Caudell, 1907
- Ateloplus notatus Scudder, 1901
- Ateloplus schwarzi Caudell, 1907
- Ateloplus splendidus Hebard, 1934
- Atlanticus americanus (Saussure, 1859)
- Atlanticus calcaratus Rehn and Hebard, 1916
- Atlanticus davisi Rehn and Hebard, 1916
- Atlanticus dorsalis (Burmeister, 1838)
- Atlanticus gibbosus (Scudder, 1894)
- Atlanticus glaber Rehn and Hebard, 1912
- Atlanticus monticola Davis, 1915
- Atlanticus pachymerus (Burmeister, 1838)
- Atlanticus scudderi (Bruner, 1885)
- Atlanticus testaceus Scudder, 1901
- Belocephalus davisi Rehn and Hebard, 1916
- Belocephalus hebardi Davis, 1912
- Belocephalus micanopy Davis, 1914
- Belocephalus sabalis Davis, 1912
- Belocephalus sleighti Davis, 1914
- Belocephalus subapterus Scudder, 1875
- Belocephalus uncinatus Hebard, 1927
- Brachyinsara hemiptera Hebard, 1939
- Bucrates malivolans (Scudder, 1878)
- Capnobotes arizonensis (Rehn, 1904)
- Capnobotes attenuatus Rentz and Birchim, 1968
- Capnobotes bruneri Scudder, 1897
- Capnobotes fuliginosus (Thomas, 1872)
- Capnobotes granti Rentz and Birchim, 1968
- Capnobotes imperfectus Rehn, 1901
- Capnobotes occidentalis (Thomas, 1872)
- Capnobotes spatulatus Rentz and Birchim, 1968
- Capnobotes unodontus Rentz and Birchim, 1968
- Caulopsis acutula (Scudder, 1878)
- Clinopleura flavomarginata Scudder, 1900
- Clinopleura infuscata Caudell, 1907
- Clinopleura melanopleura (Scudder, 1876)
- Clinopleura minuta Caudell, 1907
- Conocephalus aigialus Rehn and Hebard, 1915
- Conocephalus allardi (Caudell, 1910)
- Conocephalus attenuatus (Scudder, 1869)
- Conocephalus brevipennis (Scudder, 1863)
- Conocephalus fasciatus (De Geer, 1773)
- Conocephalus gracillimus Morse, 1891
- Conocephalus hygrophilus Rehn and Hebard, 1915
- Conocephalus nemoralis (Scudder, 1875)
- Conocephalus nigropleuroides Fox, 1912
- Conocephalus nigropleurum (Bruner, 1891)
- Conocephalus occidentalis (Morse, 1901)
- Conocephalus resacensis Rehn and Hebard, 1915
- Conocephalus saltans (Scudder, 1872)
- Conocephalus spartinae Fox, 1912
- Conocephalus spinosus (Morse, 1901)
- Conocephalus stictomerus Rehn and Hebard, 1915
- Conocephalus strictus (Scudder, 1875)
- Copiphora mucronata Thomas, 1872
- Cyrtophyllicus chlorum Hebard, 1908
- Decticita balli Hebard, 1939
- Decticita brevicauda (Caudell, 1907)
- Decticita yosemite Rentz and Birchim, 1968
- Dichopetala brevihastata Morse, 1902
- Dichopetala castanea Rehn and Hebard, 1914
- Dichopetala catinata Rehn and Hebard, 1914
- Dichopetala emarginata Brunner, 1878
- Dichopetala gladiator Rehn and Hebard, 1914
- Dichopetala oreoeca Rehn and Hebard, 1914
- Dichopetala pollicifera Rehn and Hebard, 1914
- Eremopedes balli Caudell, 1902
- Eremopedes bilineatus (Thomas, 1875)
- Eremopedes californica Rentz, 1972
- Eremopedes covilleae Hebard, 1934
- Eremopedes cryptoptera (Rehn and Hebard, 1920)
- Eremopedes cylindricerca Rentz, 1972
- Eremopedes ephippiata (Scudder, 1899)
- Eremopedes kelsoensis Tinkham, 1972
- Eremopedes pintiati Rentz, 1972
- Eremopedes scudderi Cockerell, 1898
- Euconocephalus nasutus (Thunberg, 1815)
- Holochlora japonica Brunner, 1878
- Hubbellia marginifera (F. Walker, 1869)
- Idionotus brevipes Caudell, 1907
- Idionotus brunneus Scudder, 1901
- Idionotus incurvus Rentz and Birchim, 1968
- Idionotus lundgreni Rentz and Birchim, 1968
- Idionotus similis Caudell, 1934
- Idionotus siskiyou Hebard, 1934
- Idionotus tehachapi Hebard, 1934
- Idionotus tuolumne Hebard, 1934
- Idiostatus aberrans Rentz, 1973
- Idiostatus aequalis (Scudder, 1899)
- Idiostatus apollo Rentz, 1973
- Idiostatus bechteli Rentz, 1973
- Idiostatus bilineatus (Thomas, 1875)
- Idiostatus birchimi Rentz, 1973
- Idiostatus californicus Pictet, 1888
- Idiostatus callimerus Rehn and Hebard, 1920
- Idiostatus chewaucan Rentz and Lightfoot, 1976
- Idiostatus elegans Caudell, 1907
- Idiostatus fuscopunctatus (Scudder, 1899)
- Idiostatus fuscus Caudell, 1934
- Idiostatus goedeni Rentz, 1978
- Idiostatus gurneyi Rentz, 1973
- Idiostatus hermanii (Thomas, 1875)
- Idiostatus inermis (Scudder, 1899)
- Idiostatus inermoides Rentz, 1973
- Idiostatus inyo Rehn and Hebard, 1920
- Idiostatus kathleenae Rentz, 1973
- Idiostatus magnificus Hebard, 1934
- Idiostatus major Caudell, 1934
- Idiostatus martinellii Rentz, 1973
- Idiostatus middlekauffi Rentz, 1973
- Idiostatus rehni Caudell, 1907
- Idiostatus sinuata (Scudder, 1899)
- Idiostatus variegatus Caudell, 1907
- Idiostatus viridis Rentz, 1973
- Idiostatus wymorei Caudell, 1934
- Insara apache (Rehn, 1907)
- Insara covilleae Rehn and Hebard, 1914
- Insara elegans (Scudder, 1901)
- Insara gemmicula Rehn and Hebard, 1914
- Insara juniperi Hebard, 1935
- Insara tessellata Hebard, 1935
- Inscudderia strigata (Scudder, 1898)
- Inscudderia taxodii Caudell, 1921
- Inscudderia walkeri Hebard, 1925
- Inyodectes pallidus Rentz and Birchim, 1968
- Inyodectes schlingeri Rentz, 1972
- Lea floridensis (Beutenmuller, 1903)
- Meconema thalassinum (De Geer, 1773)
- Metrioptera roeselii (Hagenbach, 1822)
- Metrioptera sphagnorum (F. Walker, 1869)
- Microcentrum californicum Hebard, 1932
- Microcentrum latifrons Spooner, 1989
- Microcentrum louisianum Hebard, 1939
- Microcentrum minus Strohecker, 1952
- Microcentrum retinerve (Burmeister, 1838)
- Microcentrum rhombifolium (Saussure, 1859)
- Microcentrum rostratum Rehn, 1905
- Montezumina modesta (Brunner, 1878)
- Neduba carinata F. Walker, 1869
- Neduba castanea (Scudder, 1899)
- Neduba convexa Caudell, 1907
- Neduba diabolica (Scudder, 1899)
- Neduba extincta Rentz, 1977
- Neduba macneilli Rentz and Birchim, 1968
- Neduba morsei Caudell, 1907
- Neduba propsti Rentz and Weissmann, 1981
- Neduba sierranus (Rehn and Hebard, 1911)
- Neduba steindachneri (Herman, 1874)
- Neobarrettia spinosa (Caudell, 1907)
- Neobarrettia victoriae (Caudell, 1907)
- Neoconocephalus bivocatus Walker, Whitesell and Alexander, 1973
- Neoconocephalus caudellianus (Davis, 1905)
- Neoconocephalus ensiger (Harris, 1841)
- Neoconocephalus exiliscanorus (Davis, 1887)
- Neoconocephalus lyristes (Rehn and Hebard, 1905)
- Neoconocephalus melanorhinus (Rehn and Hebard, 1907)
- Neoconocephalus nebrascensis (Bruner, 1891)
- Neoconocephalus pahayokee Walker and Whitesell, 1978
- Neoconocephalus palustris (Blatchley, 1893)
- Neoconocephalus retusus (Scudder, 1878)
- Neoconocephalus robustus (Scudder, 1863)
- Neoconocephalus triops (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Neoconocephalus velox Rehn and Hebard, 1914
- Odontoxiphidium apterum Morse, 1901
- Orchelimum agile (De Geer, 1773)
- Orchelimum bradleyi Rehn and Hebard, 1915
- Orchelimum bullatum Rehn and Hebard, 1915
- Orchelimum campestre Blatchley, 1893
- Orchelimum carinatum T. J. Walker, 1971
- Orchelimum concinnum Scudder, 1863
- Orchelimum delicatum Bruner, 1892
- Orchelimum erythrocephalum Davis, 1905
- Orchelimum fidicinium Rehn and Hebard, 1907
- Orchelimum gladiator Bruner, 1891
- Orchelimum laticauda (Redtenbacher, 1891)
- Orchelimum militare Rehn and Hebard, 1907
- Orchelimum minor Bruner, 1891
- Orchelimum nigripes Scudder, 1875
- Orchelimum pulchellum Davis, 1909
- Orchelimum silvaticum McNeill, 1891
- Orchelimum superbum Rehn and Hebard, 1915
- Orchelimum volantum McNeill, 1891
- Orchelimum vulgare Harris, 1841
- Orophus rhombifolia (Saussure, 1859)
- Paracyrtophyllus excelsus (Rehn and Hebard, 1914)
- Paracyrtophyllus robustus Caudell, 1906
- Pediodectes bruneri (Caudell, 1907)
- Pediodectes daedelus (Rehn and Hebard, 1920)
- Pediodectes grandis (Rehn, 1904)
- Pediodectes haldemani (Girard, 1853)
- Pediodectes mitchelli (Caudell, 1911)
- Pediodectes nigromarginatus (Caudell, 1902)
- Pediodectes pratti (Caudell, 1911)
- Pediodectes stevensoni (Thomas, 1870)
- Pediodectes tinkhami Hebard, 1934
- Peranabrus scabricollis (Thomas, 1872)
- Petropedes santarosae Tinkham, 1972
- Phaneroptera furcifera Stål, 1861
- Phaneroptera nana Fieber, 1853
- Plagiostira albofasciata Scudder, 1902
- Plagiostira albonotata Scudder, 1876
- Plagiostira gillettei Caudell, 1907
- Plagiostira mescaleroensis Tinkham, 1960
- Platycleis tessellata (Charpentier, 1825)
- Platylyra californica Scudder, 1898
- Platyoplus gilaensis Tinkham, 1973
- Pterophylla camellifolia (Fabricius, 1775)
- Pterophylla furcata Caudell, 1906
- Pyrgocorypha uncinata (Harris, 1841)
- Saga pedo (Pallas, 1771)
- Scudderia cuneata Morse, 1901
- Scudderia curvicauda (De Geer, 1773)
- Scudderia fasciata Beutenmuller, 1894
- Scudderia furcata Brunner, 1878
- Scudderia pistillata Brunner, 1878
- Scudderia septentrionalis (Serville, 1839)
- Scudderia texensis Saussure and Pictet, 1897
- Scudderia williamsi Piza, 1974
- Steiroxys borealis Scudder, 1894
- Steiroxys pallidipalpus (Thomas, 1872)
- Steiroxys strepens Fulton, 1930
- Steiroxys trilineatus (Thomas, 1870)
- Turpilia rostrata (Rehn and Hebard, 1905)
- Zacycloptera atripennis Caudell, 1907
Podvrste
уреди- Aglaothorax diminutiva constrictans (Rentz and Weissman, 1981)
- Aglaothorax diminutiva dactyla (Rentz and Weissman, 1981)
- Aglaothorax diminutiva diminutiva (Rentz and Birchim, 1968)
- Aglaothorax diminutiva malibu (Rentz and Weissman, 1981)
- Aglaothorax morsei costalis (Rentz and Weissman, 1981)
- Aglaothorax morsei curtatus (Rentz and Weissman, 1981)
- Aglaothorax morsei islandica (Rentz and Weissman, 1981)
- Aglaothorax morsei morsei (Caudell, 1907)
- Aglaothorax morsei santacruzae (Rentz and Weissman, 1981)
- Aglaothorax morsei tectinota (Rentz and Weissman, 1981)
- Aglaothorax ovata armiger Rehn and Hebard, 1920
- Aglaothorax ovata gigantea Rentz and Birchim, 1968
- Aglaothorax ovata longicaudus Rentz and Birchim, 1968
- Aglaothorax ovata ovata (Scudder, 1899)
- Aglaothorax ovata segnis Rehn and Hebard, 1920
- Aglaothorax ovata tinkhamorum Rentz and Birchim, 1968
- Amblycorypha floridana carinata Rehn and Hebard, 1914
- Amblycorypha floridana floridana Rehn, 1905
- Amblycorypha parvipennis parvipennis Stål, 1876
- Arethaea constricta comanche Hebard, 1936
- Arethaea constricta constricta Brunner, 1878
- Arethaea gracilipes cerciata Hebard, 1936
- Arethaea gracilipes gracilipes (Thomas, 1870)
- Arethaea gracilipes papago Hebard, 1935
- Atlanticus americanus americanus (Saussure, 1859)
- Atlanticus americanus hesperus Hebard, 1934
- Belocephalus hebardi hebardi Davis, 1912
- Belocephalus hebardi proximus Hebard, 1927
- Belocephalus sleighti simplex Hebard, 1927
- Belocephalus sleighti sleighti Davis, 1914
- Belocephalus subapterus hesperus Hebard, 1927
- Belocephalus subapterus peninsularis Hebard, 1927
- Belocephalus subapterus rehni Davis, 1912
- Belocephalus subapterus subapterus Scudder, 1875
- Conocephalus brevipennis brevipennis (Scudder, 1863)
- Eremopedes balli balli Caudell, 1902
- Eremopedes balli pallidus Tinkham, 1944
- Insara elegans consuetipes (Scudder, 1900)
- Insara elegans elegans (Scudder, 1901)
- Lea floridensis divergens Hebard, 1939
- Lea floridensis floridensis (Beutenmuller, 1903)
- Pediodectes grandis grandis (Rehn, 1904)
- Pediodectes grandis insignis (Caudell, 1907)
- Pediodectes nigromarginatus griseis (Caudell, 1902)
- Pediodectes nigromarginatus nigromarginatus (Caudell, 1902)
- Phaneroptera nana nana Fieber, 1853
- Plagiostira gillettei gillettei Caudell, 1907
- Plagiostira gillettei utahensis Tinkham, 1962
- Pterophylla camellifolia camellifolia (Fabricius, 1775)
- Pterophylla camellifolia dentifera Hebard, 1941
- Pterophylla camellifolia intermedia Caudell, 1906
- Pterophylla furcata furcata Caudell, 1906
- Pterophylla furcata laletica Hebard, 1941
- Scudderia curvicauda borealis Rehn and Hebard, 1914
- Scudderia curvicauda curvicauda (De Geer, 1773)
- Scudderia curvicauda laticauda Brunner, 1878
- Scudderia furcata furcata Brunner, 1878
Reference
уреди- ^ Cigliano, M. M.; H. Braun, D. C. Eades; D. Otte. „family Tettigoniidae Krauss, 1902”. orthoptera.speciesfile.org. Orthoptera Species File. Приступљено 18. 12. 2018.
- ^ DR, Ragge (1965). Grasshoppers, Crickets & Cockroaches of the British Isles. F Warne & Co, London. стр. 299.
- ^ Ingrisch, Sigfrid; Rentz, D.C.F. (2009). „Chapter 187 - Orthoptera: Grasshoppers, Locusts, Katydids, Crickets”. Encyclopedia Of Insects (Second Edition). стр. 732—743. ISBN 9780123741448. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-374144-8.00196-X.
- ^ „Katydid”. Ediotrs of Encyclopaedia Britannica & others. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Приступљено 9. 10. 2014.
- ^ Ivo Matoničkin, Ivan Habdija, Biserka Primc-Habdija, Beskralješnjaci, biologija viših avertebrata, Školska knjiga. . Zagreb. 1999. ISBN 978-953-0-30824-4.
Spoljašnje veze
уреди
- North American Katydids with range maps and audio files of katydid songs