Википедија

Snimanje i reprodukcija zvuka

(преусмерено са Snimanje zvuka)

Snimanje i reprodukcija zvuka je električni, mehanički, elektronski ili digitalni zapis i ponovno stvaranje zvučnih talasa, kao što su govorni glas, pevanje, instrumentalna muzika ili zvučni efekti.[1] Dve glavne klase tehnologije za snimanje zvuka su analogno snimanje i digitalno snimanje.

Frenses Densmor snima blekfutskog Planinskog poglavicu na cilindarskom fonografu za Biro američke etnologija (1916)

Akustično analogno snimanje postiže se mikrofonskom dijafragmom koja registruje promene atmosferskog pritiska izazvane akustičkim zvučnim talasima i beleži ih kao mehanički prikaz zvučnih talasa na medijumu poput fonografskog snimka (u kojem igla useca brazde na snimku). Kod snimanja magnetnom trakom zvučni talasi vibriraju dijafragmu mikrofona i pretvaraju se u promenljivu električnu struju, koja se elektromagnetom pretvara u promenljivo magnetno polje, što omogućava prikaz zvuka kao magnetizovanih područja na plastičnoj traci sa magnetnim premazom na sebi. Analogna reprodukcija zvuka je obrnuti proces, sa većom membranom zvučnika koja uzrokuje promene atmosferskog pritiska radi formiranja akustičnih zvučnih talasa.

Digitalno snimanje i reprodukcija pretvara analogni zvučni signal koji mikrofon prihvata u digitalni oblik procesom uzorkovanja. Ovo omogućava da se audio podaci sačuvaju i prenose putem širokog spektra medija. Digitalno snimanje čuva audio kao niz binarnih brojeva (nula i jedinica) koji predstavljaju uzorke amplitude audio signala u jednakim vremenskim intervalima, sa dovoljnom brzinom uzorkovanja da se prenesu svi zvukovi koji se mogu čuti. Digitalni audio signal mora biti pretvoren u analogni oblik tokom reprodukcije pre nego što se pojača i poveže sa zvučnikom za proizvodnju zvuka.

Pre razvoja zvučnih zapisa, postojali su mehanički sistemi, poput muzičkih kutija na navijanje i kasnije, automatskih klavirski svirači, za kodiranje i reprodukciju instrumentalne muzike.

ReferenceУреди

  1. ^ Millard, Andre J., "America on record : a history of recorded sound", Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge University Press. 1995. ISBN 978-0-521-47544-0.

LiteraturaУреди

  • Barlow, Sanna Morrison. Mountain Singing: the Story of Gospel Recordings in the Philippines. Hong Kong: Alliance Press, 1952. 352 p.
  • Carson, B. H.; Burt, A. D.; Reiskind, and H. I., "A Record Changer And Record Of Complementary Design", RCA Review, June 1949
  • Coleman, Mark, Playback: from the Victrola to MP3, 100 years of music, machines, and money, Da Capo Press, 2003.
  • Gaisberg, Frederick W., "The Music Goes Round", [Andrew Farkas, editor.], New Haven, Ayer, 1977.
  • Gelatt, Roland. The Fabulous Phonograph, 1877-1977. Second rev. ed., [being also the] First Collier Books ed., in series, Sounds of the Century. New York: Collier, 1977. 349 p., ill. ISBN 978-0-02-032680-9.
  • Gronow, Pekka, "The Record Industry: The Growth of a Mass Medium", Popular Music, Vol. 3, Producers and Markets (1983), pp. 53–75, Cambridge University Press.
  • Gronow, Pekka, and Saunio, Ilpo, "An International History of the Recording Industry", [translated from the Finnish by Christopher Moseley], London ; New York : Cassell. 1998. ISBN 978-0-304-70173-5.
  • Lipman, Samuel,"The House of Music: Art in an Era of Institutions", 1984. See the chapter on "Getting on Record", pp. 62–75, about the early record industry and Fred Gaisberg and Walter Legge and FFRR (Full Frequency Range Recording).
  • Millard, Andre J., " From Edison to the iPod", UAB Reporter, 2005, University of Alabama at Birmingham.
  • Milner, Greg, "Perfecting Sound Forever: An Aural History of Recorded Music", Faber & Faber; 1 edition (June 9). 2009. ISBN 978-0-571-21165-4.. Cf. pp. 14 on H. Stith Bennett and "recording consciousness".
  • Moogk, Edward Balthasar. Roll Back the Years: History of Canadian Recorded Sound and Its Legacy, Genesis to 1930. Ottawa, Ont.: National Library of Canada, 1975. N.B.: In part, also, a bio-discography; the hardback ed. comes with a "phonodisc of historical Canadian recordings" (33 1/3 r.p.m., mono., 17 cm.) that the 1980 pbk. reprint lacks. ISBN 978-0-660-01382-4. (pbk.)
  • Moogk, Edith Kathryn. Title Index to Canadian Works Listed in Edward B. Moogk's "Roll Back the Years, History of Canadian Recorded Sound, Genesis to 1930", in series, C.A.M.L. Occasional Papers, no. 1. Ottawa, Ont.: Canadian Association of Music Libraries, 1988. N.B.: Title and fore-matter also in French; supplements the index within E. B. Moogk's book. ISBN 978-0-9690583-3-5.
  • Read, Oliver, and Walter L. Welch, From Tin Foil to Stereo: Evolution of the Phonograph, Second ed., Indianapolis, Ind.: H.W. Same & Co., 1976. N.B.: This is an historical account of the development of sound recording technology. ISBN 978-0-672-21205-5. pbk.
  • Read, Oliver, The Recording and Reproduction of Sound, Indianapolis, Ind.: H.W. Sams & Co., 1952. N.B.: This is a pioneering engineering account of sound recording technology.
  • "Recording Technology History: notes revised July 6, 2005, by Steven Schoenherr" на сајту Wayback Machine (архивирано 2010-03-12), San Diego University
  • St-Laurent, Gilles, "Notes on the Degradation of Sound Recordings", National Library [of Canada] News, vol. 13, no. 1 (Jan. 1991), pp. 1, 3-4.
  • Weir, Bob, et al. Century of Sound: 100 Years of Recorded Sound, 1877-1977. Executive writer, Bob Weir; project staff writers, Brian Gorman, Jim Simons, Marty Melhuish. [Toronto?]: Produced by Studio 123, cop. 1977. N.B.: Published on the occasion of an exhibition commemorating the centennial of recorded sound, held at the fairground of the annual Canadian National Exhibition, Toronto, Ont., as one of the C.N.E.'s 1977 events. Without ISBN
  • McWilliams, Jerry. The Preservation and Restoration of Sound Recordings. Nashville, Tenn.: American Association for State and Local History. 1979. ISBN 978-0-910050-41-8.

Spoljašnje vezeУреди

 
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