Рат из 1812.
Рат из 1812. је био војни конфликт између Сједињених Држава и Британске империје који за последицу није имао територијалне промене, али је решио многа питања заостала из Америчког рата за независност. Сједињене Државе су објавиле рат из неколико разлога, укључујући и трговинске рестрикције које је донео британски рат против Француске, присиљавање америчких трговачких морнара да ступе у Краљевску морнарицу, британску подршку индијским племенима против америчке експанзије, огорчење због увреде националне части након америчког понижења на отвореним морима и америчка жеља да припоји себи Канаду.
Рат из 1812. | |||||||
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Британске трупе спаљују Белу кућу у Вашингтону | |||||||
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Сукобљене стране | |||||||
САД |
Уједињено Краљевство Канада Бермуда Индијанци | ||||||
Команданти и вође | |||||||
Џејмс Медисон Хенри Бирборн Џејкоб Браун Винфилд Скот Ендру Џексон |
Џорџ Превост Исак Брок Текумсе | ||||||
Јачина | |||||||
• Регуларна војска САД: 35.800 • Ренџери: 3.049 • Милиција: 458.463* • Морнарица и маринци: (на почетку рата): • 6 фрегата • други бродови:14 |
• Британски и пров. редовна војска: 48.163 • Милиција: 4.000 • Морнарица и Маринци: (на почетку рата): • линијски бродови: 11 • фрегате: 34 • други бродови: 52 • Канадски маринци: непозната • Индијанци: 3.500 | ||||||
Жртве и губици | |||||||
мртви: 2.260 рањени: 4.505 болест и друго: 17.205 цивили: око 500[1] |
мртвих или рањених 4.400 болест и друго: непознато[2] |
Рат се водио на три главна бојишта. Прво, на мору, ратни бродови и гусари обе стране нападали су трговачке бродове оне друге стране, док су Британци блокирали атлантску обалу САД и покренули велике нападе у каснијим фазама рата. Даље, копнене и поморске битке су вођене на америчко-канадској граници, која је ишла дуж Великих језера и реке Сен Лорен. На трећем бојишту, на америчком Југу и обали Мексичког залива су такође вођене велике копнене битке у којима су америчке снаге поразили британске индијанске савезнике и одбили британске инвазионе снаге у Њу Орлеансу. Обе стране су нападале територију оног другог, али ови упади су били неуспешни или су имали привремени успех. На крају рата, обе стране су окупирали делове територије противника, али су они враћени Споразумом из Гента.
Због заузетости већине војних снага ратовима у Европи до 1814, Британци су прво водили одбрамбену стратегију током америчких напада на Доњу и Горњу Канаду. До 1813. године војска САД је освојила језеро Ири, делове западног Онтарија и уништила Текумсеову индијанску конфедерацију, а тиме и могућност независне индијанске државе у Северној Америци коју је подржавало Британско царство. На северозападу, генерал Ендру Џексон је уништио војску Крик Индијанаца у бици код Хорсшу Бенда 1814. године. Након Наполеоновог пораза 6. априла 1814., Британци су усвојили агресивнију стратегију, и послали три велике инвазиое армије. Британска победа у бици код Бладенсбург у августу 1814. омогућила им је да заузму и спале Вашингтон. Америчке победе у септембру 1814- и јануару 1815. су одбиле све три британске инвазије у Њујорку, Балтимору и Њу Орлеансу.
У Сједињеним Државама, победе код Балтимора 1814. (која је инспирисала стихове химне САД, Барјак искићен звездама) и Њу Орлеанса 1815. године су произвеле националну еуфорију коју су они назвали „Други рат за независност”. Након тога уследило је раздобље које су назвали „доба добрих осећаја” јер су се становници САД углавном повезали, а партизански сукоби милиција на супротним странама су готово заборављени. Канада је такође из рата изашла са снажнијим осећајем националне припадности и солидарности, углавном због успешних одбрана од америчких напада. Битке као што су битка код Квинстон Хејтса и битка код Крајслерове фарме су постале легендарне за Англо-Канађане. У Онтарију, рат против САД се и данас назива „америчком експанзионистичком инвазијом” и слави се победа Канаде. У Великој Британији се на рат гледачо само као споредни оружани сукоб у склопу Наполеонских ратова.
Референце
уреди- ^ Clodfelter 2017, стр. 244.
- ^ Clodfelter 2017, стр. 245.
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Спољашње везе
уреди- POTSI: American War of 1812.
- Partial list of Bermudian-built Royal Naval vessels. From The Andrew and the Onions, by Lt. Cmdr. I. Strannack.
- American Military History - The War of 1812
- The War of 1812 Website
- Casebook: The War of 1812
- President Madison's 1812 War Message, with lesson plans and numerous primary documents from US and Britain regarding the causes of the war
- Treaty of Ghent and related resources on the War of 1812 at the Library of Congress
- Galafilm's War of 1812 website
- Key Events of the War of 1812
- War of 1812 from the James Madison Center of the James Madison University
- militaryheritage.com Large collection of articles
- Historycentral.com War of 1812
- The journal of Major John Norton (Toronto: Champlain Society, 1970)
- The War of 1812 Niagara Region
- New York State Military Museum:Black Americans in the US Military from the American Revolution to the Korean War: The War of 1812
- The War of 1812
- Battle of Plattsburgh & War of 1812
- American Privateers in The War Of 1812
- Bermuda Online: Bermuda's Royal Navy base at Ireland Island. Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (3. фебруар 2013)