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Džon Rols

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Džon Rols (engl. John Rawls;[1] Baltimor, 21. februar 1921 — Leksington, 24. novembar 2002) bio je američki filozof i profesor političke filozofije na Harvardu.[2][3][4] Njegova najvažnija knjiga Teorija pravde (1971)[5] smatra se za jedno od najznačajnijih dela političke filozofije napisano na engleskom jeziku posle Drugog svetskog rata.[6] Ona je izvršila podjednako jak uticaj na moderne liberale i socijaldemokrate.[7] Rols je predstavio teoriju pravde kao pravičnosti koja se zasniva na uverenju da se društvena nejednakost može opravdati jedino ako je u korist najugroženijih (tako što ih podstiče na rad). Pristrasnost prema jednakosti je sadržana u Rolsovom uverenju da bi većina ljudi bila lišena znanja o sopstvenim talentima i sposobnostima radije izabrala da živi u „egalitarnom“ nego u „neegalitarnom“ društvu. Pošto kod većine ljudi strah od siromaštva prevazilazi želju za bogastvom redistribucija i socijalna pomoć zasnivaju se na jednakosti. Njegove univerzalističke pretpostavke iz ranih radova donekle su izmenjene u delu Politički liberalizam.

Džon Rols
Džon Rols
Lični podaci
Datum rođenja(1921-02-21)21. februar 1921.
Mesto rođenjaBaltimor, SAD
Datum smrti24. novembar 2002.(2002-11-24) (81 god.)
Mesto smrtiLeksington, SAD
ObrazovanjeUniverzitet Prinston
Filozofski rad
Uticaji odDžon Lok

Rols je dobio i Šokovu nagradu za logiku i filozofiju i Nacionalnu medalju za humanističke nauke 1999. godine, koju je uručio predsednik Bil Klinton, u znak priznanja za Rolsov rad koji je „oživeo discipline političke i etičke filozofije sa svojim argumentom da društvo u kome najbogatiji pomažu siromašne nije samo moralno društvo već je i logično“.[8]

Godine 1990, Vil Kimlika je u svom uvodu u ovu oblast napisao da je „opšteprihvaćeno da je nedavno ponovno rođenje normativne političke filozofije počelo objavljivanjem Teorije pravde Džona Rolsa 1971. godine“.[9][10] Rols je često opisivan kao jedan od najuticajnijih političkih filozofa 20. veka.[11] On se neobično razlikuje među savremenim političkim filozofima po tome što ga sudovi u Sjedinjenim Državama i Kanadi[12] često citiraju i na njega se pozivaju praktičari u Sjedinjenim Državama i Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu.[13] U nacionalnom istraživanju političkih teoretičara iz 2008. godine, zasnovanom na 1.086 odgovora profesora na akreditovanim, četvorogodišnjim koledžima i univerzitetima u Sjedinjenim Državama, Rols je izglasan kao prvi na listi „Učenjaka koji su imali najveći uticaj na političku teoriju u Proteklih 20 godina".[14]

Publikacije uredi

Bibliografija uredi

  • A Study in the Grounds of Ethical Knowledge: Considered with Reference to Judgments on the Moral Worth of Character. Ph.D. dissertation, Princeton University, 1950.
  • A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1971. The revised edition of 1999 incorporates changes that Rawls made for translated editions of A Theory of Justice. Some Rawls scholars use the abbreviation TJ to refer to this work.
  • Political Liberalism. The John Dewey Essays in Philosophy, 4. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993. The hardback edition published in 1993 is not identical. The paperback adds a valuable new introduction and an essay titled "Reply to Habermas." Some Rawls scholars use the abbreviation PL to refer to this work.
  • The Law of Peoples: with "The Idea of Public Reason Revisited." Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1999. This slim book includes two works; a further development of his essay entitled "The Law of Peoples" and another entitled "Public Reason Revisited," both published earlier in his career.
  • Collected Papers. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1999. This collection of shorter papers was edited by Samuel Freeman.
  • Lectures on the History of Moral Philosophy. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 2000. This collection of lectures was edited by Barbara Herman. It has an introduction on modern moral philosophy from 1600 to 1800 and then lectures on Hume, Leibniz, Kant and Hegel.
  • Justice as Fairness: A Restatement. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press, 2001. This shorter summary of the main arguments of Rawls's political philosophy was edited by Erin Kelly. Many versions of this were circulated in typescript and much of the material was delivered by Rawls in lectures when he taught courses covering his own work at Harvard University.
  • Lectures on the History of Political Philosophy. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2007. Collection of lectures on Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Joseph Butler, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, David Hume, John Stuart Mill and Karl Marx, edited by Samuel Freeman.
  • A Brief Inquiry into the Meaning of Sin and Faith. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 2010. With introduction and commentary by Thomas Nagel, Joshua Cohen and Robert Merrihew Adams. Senior thesis, Princeton, 1942. This volume includes a brief late essay by Rawls entitled On My Religion.

Članci uredi

  • "Outline of a Decision Procedure for Ethics." Philosophical Review (April 1951), 60 (2): 177–197.
  • "Two Concepts of Rules." Philosophical Review (January 1955), 64 (1):3–32.
  • "Justice as Fairness." Journal of Philosophy (October 24, 1957), 54 (22): 653–362.
  • "Justice as Fairness." Philosophical Review (April 1958), 67 (2): 164–194.
  • "The Sense of Justice." Philosophical Review (July 1963), 72 (3): 281–305.
  • "Constitutional Liberty and the Concept of Justice" Nomos VI (1963)
  • "Distributive Justice: Some Addenda." Natural Law Forum (1968), 13: 51–71.
  • "Reply to Lyons and Teitelman." Journal of Philosophy (October 5, 1972), 69 (18): 556–557.
  • "Reply to Alexander and Musgrave." Quarterly Journal of Economics (November 1974), 88 (4): 633–655.
  • "Some Reasons for the Maximin Criterion." American Economic Review (May 1974), 64 (2): 141–146.
  • "Fairness to Goodness." Philosophical Review (October 1975), 84 (4): 536–554.
  • "The Independence of Moral Theory." Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association (November 1975), 48: 5–22.
  • "A Kantian Conception of Equality." Cambridge Review (February 1975), 96 (2225): 94–99.
  • "The Basic Structure as Subject." American Philosophical Quarterly (April 1977), 14 (2): 159–165.
  • "Kantian Constructivism in Moral Theory." Journal of Philosophy (September 1980), 77 (9): 515–572.
  • "Justice as Fairness: Political not Metaphysical." Philosophy & Public Affairs (Summer 1985), 14 (3): 223–251.
  • "The Idea of an Overlapping Consensus." Oxford Journal for Legal Studies (Spring 1987), 7 (1): 1–25.
  • "The Priority of Right and Ideas of the Good." Philosophy & Public Affairs (Fall 1988), 17 (4): 251–276.
  • "The Domain of the Political and Overlapping Consensus." New York University Law Review (May 1989), 64 (2): 233–255.
  • "Roderick Firth: His Life and Work." Philosophy and Phenomenological Research (March 1991), 51 (1): 109–118.
  • "The Law of Peoples." Critical Inquiry (Fall 1993), 20 (1): 36–68.
  • "Political Liberalism: Reply to Habermas." Journal of Philosophy (March 1995), 92 (3):132–180.
  • "The Idea of Public Reason Revisited." Chicago Law Review (1997), 64 (3): 765–807. [PRR]

Poglavlja u knjigama uredi

  • "Constitutional Liberty and the Concept of Justice." In Carl J. Friedrich and John W. Chapman, eds., Nomos, VI: Justice, pp. 98–125. Yearbook of the American Society for Political and Legal Philosophy. New York: Atherton Press, 1963.
  • "Legal Obligation and the Duty of Fair Play." In Sidney Hook, ed., Law and Philosophy: A Symposium, pp. 3–18. New York: New York University Press, 1964. Proceedings of the 6th Annual New York University Institute of Philosophy.
  • "Distributive Justice." In Peter Laslett and W. G. Runciman, eds., Philosophy, Politics, and Society. Third Series, pp. 58–82. London: Blackwell; New York: Barnes & Noble, 1967.
  • "The Justification of Civil Disobedience." In Hugo Adam Bedau, ed., Civil Disobedience: Theory and Practice, pp. 240–255. New York: Pegasus Books, 1969.
  • "Justice as Reciprocity." In Samuel Gorovitz, ed., Utilitarianism: John Stuart Mill: With Critical Essays, pp. 242–268. New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1971.
  • "Author's Note." In Thomas Schwartz, ed., Freedom and Authority: An Introduction to Social and Political Philosophy, p. 260. Encino & Belmont, California: Dickenson, 1973.
  • "Distributive Justice." In Edmund S. Phelps, ed., Economic Justice: Selected Readings, pp. 319–362. Penguin Modern Economics Readings. Harmondsworth & Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1973.
  • "Personal Communication, January 31, 1976." In Thomas Nagel's "The Justification of Equality." Critica (April 1978), 10 (28): 9n4.
  • "The Basic Liberties and Their Priority." In Sterling M. McMurrin, ed., The Tanner Lectures on Human Values, III (1982), pp. 1–87. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982.
  • "Social unity and primary goods" in Sen, Amartya; Williams, Bernard, ur. (1982). Utilitarianism and beyond. Cambridge / Paris: Cambridge University Press / Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme. str. 159–185. ISBN 978-0511611964. 
  • "Themes in Kant's Moral Philosophy." In Eckhart Forster, ed., Kant's Transcendental Deductions: The Three Critiques and the Opus postumum, pp. 81–113, 253–256. Stanford Series in Philosophy. Studies in Kant and German Idealism. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1989.

Pregledi uredi

  • Review of Axel Hägerström's Inquiries into the Nature of Law and Morals (C.D. Broad, tr.). Mind (July 1955), 64 (255):421–422.
  • Review of Stephen Toulmin's An Examination of the Place of Reason in Ethics (1950). Philosophical Review (October 1951), 60 (4): 572–580.
  • Review of A. Vilhelm Lundstedt's Legal Thinking Revised. Cornell Law Quarterly (1959), 44: 169.
  • Review of Raymond Klibansky, ed., Philosophy in Mid-Century: A Survey. Philosophical Review (January 1961), 70 (1): 131–132.
  • Review of Richard B. Brandt, ed., Social Justice (1962). Philosophical Review (July 1965), 74(3): 406–409.

Reference uredi

  1. ^ "Rawls" entry in Random House Dictionary, Random House, 2013.
  2. ^ Martin, Douglas (2002-11-26). „John Rawls, Theorist on Justice, Is Dead at 82 (Published 2002)”. The New York Times (na jeziku: engleski). ISSN 0362-4331. Pristupljeno 2021-01-18. 
  3. ^ Wenar, Leif (2008-03-25). „John Rawls”. 
  4. ^ Wenar, Leif (2017). Zalta, Edward N., ur. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2017 izd.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 
  5. ^ SWIFT, ADAM (2006). POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY: A BEGINNER'S GUIDE FOR STUDENTS AND POLITICIANS. Internet Archive. POLITY PRESS. ISBN 978-0-7456-3532-3. 
  6. ^ Kymlicka, Will (1990). Contemporary political philosophy : an introduction. Internet Archive. Oxford [England] : Clarendon Press ; New York : Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-827723-1. 
  7. ^ Schaefer, David (2017-11-02). „“A Theory of Justice” by John Rawls”. Medium (na jeziku: engleski). Pristupljeno 2021-01-18. [mrtva veza]
  8. ^ Weinstein, Michael M. (2002-12-01). „The Nation; Bringing Logic To Bear on Liberal Dogma”. The New York Times (na jeziku: engleski). ISSN 0362-4331. Pristupljeno 2021-09-07. 
  9. ^ Kymlicka, Will (1990). Contemporary political philosophy : an introduction. Oxford [England]: Clarendon Press. str. 11. ISBN 978-0198277248. OCLC 21762535. 
  10. ^ Swift, Adam (2006). Political philosophy : a beginners' guide for students and politicians  (Second edition, revised and expanded izd.). Cambridge: Polity. str. 10. ISBN 978-0745635323. OCLC 63136336. 
  11. ^ „"Political Philosophy in the Twentieth Century: Authors and Argument" by Catherine H. Zuckert (Ed.)”. Cambridge University Press. 2012. Pristupljeno 2020-01-21. 
  12. ^ „Fair Opportunity to Participate”. The Canadian Political Science Review. jun 2009. Arhivirano iz originala 28. 03. 2013. g. Pristupljeno 04. 07. 2022. 
  13. ^ „They Work For You search: "John Rawls"”. Theyworkforyou.com. Pristupljeno 2010-02-26. 
  14. ^ Moore, Matthew J. (2009). „Political Theory Today: Results of a National Survey” (na jeziku: engleski). Rochester, NY. SSRN 1463648  . 

Literatura uredi

Spoljašnje veze uredi

 
Džon Rols na Vikimedijinoj ostavi.
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