Bendžamin Frenklin

Bendžamin Frenklin (engl. Benjamin Franklin; Boston, 17. januar 1706 — Filadelfija, 17. april 1790) je bio američki naučnik i političar, borac za slobodu čoveka, učesnik u Američkom ratu za nezavisnost, jedan od tvoraca „Deklaracije o nezavisnosti“ i američkog ustava, plodan pisac, štampar i pronalazač. Rođen je u Bostonu, država Masačusets. Kao naučnik poznat je kao izumitelj gromobrana i otkrića toka i karakteristika Golfske struje. Pored gromobrana pronašao je Franklinovu peć, bifokalne naočari i napravio je prvu mašinu za umnožavanje. Prvi je uveo ulično osvetljenje i reorganizovao je američki poštanski sistem. Njegov najpoznatiji naučni rad, vezan je za elektricitet. Razvio je model električne struje kao fluida shvatajući da je ona u stvari kretanje naelektrisanih čestica. Osnovao je prvu javnu biblioteku u Americi, filozofsko društvo Pensilvanije i „Akademiju“ koja je prerasla u Univerzitet Pensilvanije. Za njega se vezuje i čuveni eksperiment sa puštanjem zmaja. Tada je dokazao da je grom jedna vrsta električne varnice.

Bendžamin Frenklin
Bendžamin Frenklin
Lični podaci
Datum rođenja	(1706-01-17)17. januar 1706.
Mesto rođenja	Boston, Britanska Amerika
Datum smrti	17. april 1790.(1790-04-17) (84 god.)
Mesto smrti	Filadelfija, SAD
Potpis

Vidi još

• Ben i ja, Diznijev crtani film

Literatura

• Burt, Nathaniel (1999). The Perennial Philadelphians: The Anatomy of an American Aristocracy. University of Pennsylvania Press. str. 142. ISBN 978-0-8122-1693-6. 

Biografije

• Becker, Carl Lotus. "Benjamin Franklin", Dictionary of American Biography (1931) – vol 3, with links online Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (16. mart 2010)
• Brands, H.W. . Brands, H. W. (2000). The First American: The Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. ISBN 978-0-385-49540-0. 
• Crane, Vernon W. Benjamin Franklin and a rising people (1954) short biography by a scholar; online free
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin; many editions
• Gaustad, Edwin S. Benjamin Franklin (2006). Gaustad, Edwin S. (2006). Benjamin Franklin. ISBN 978-0-19-530535-7. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195305357.001.0001.  online
• Isaacson, Walter (2003). Benjamin Franklin: An American Life. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-6084-8. , popular biography; online free
• Ketcham, Ralph. Benjamin Franklin (1966) 228 pp online edition Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (25. фебруар 2012), short biography by scholar
• Lemay, J.A. Leo. The Life of Benjamin Franklin, scholarly biography, 3 volumes appeared before the author's death in 2008
  • Volume 1: Journalist, 1706–1730. 568 pp. 2005. ISBN 978-0-8122-3854-9.
  • Volume 2: Printer and Publisher, 1730–1747. 664 pp. 2005. ISBN 978-0-8122-3855-6.
  • Volume 3: Soldier, Scientist, and Politician, 1748–1757 (2008), 768 pp. ISBN 978-0-8122-4121-1.
• Morgan, Edmund S. Benjamin Franklin (2003), interpretation by leading scholar online free
• Schiff, Stacy, A Great Improvisation: Franklin, France, and the Birth of America, (2005) Henry Holt
• James Srodes, Franklin, The Essential Founding Father, (2002, softcover 2003, Regnery History) ISBN 978-0-89526-163-2
• Van Doren, Carl (1938). Benjamin Franklin. Viking. ISBN 978-1-931541-85-5. , Pulitzer Prize winning biography; online free
• Wood, Gordon. . Wood, Gordon S. (2005). The Americanization of Benjamin Franklin. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-303528-2. , intellectual history by leading historian.
• Wright, Esmond. . Wright, Esmond (1986). Franklin of Philadelphia. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-31810-6.  – scholarly study

Za mlade čitaoce

• Asimov, Isaac. The Kite That Won the Revolution, a biography for children that focuses on Franklin's scientific and diplomatic contributions.
• Fleming, Candace. Ben Franklin's Almanac: Being a True Account of the Good Gentleman's Life.. Atheneum/Anne Schwart, 128 pp. 2003. ISBN 978-0-689-83549-0..

Naučna istraživanja

• Anderson, Douglas. The Radical Enlightenments of Benjamin Franklin (1997) – fresh look at the intellectual roots of Franklin
• Buxbaum, M.H., ed. Critical Essays on Benjamin Franklin (1987)
• Chaplin, Joyce. The First Scientific American: Benjamin Franklin and the Pursuit of Genius. (2007)
• Cohen, I. Bernard. Benjamin Franklin's Science (1990) – Cohen, the leading specialist, has several books on Franklin's science
• Conner, Paul W. Poor Richard's Politicks (1965) – analyzes Franklin's ideas in terms of the Enlightenment and republicanism
• Dull, Jonathan. Benjamin Franklin and the American Revolution (2010)
• Dull, Jonathan. A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution (1985)
• Dray, Philip. Stealing God's Thunder: Benjamin Franklin's Lightning Rod and the Invention of America. (2005). 279 pp.
• Ford, Paul Leicester. The Many-Sided Franklin (1899) online edition – collection of scholarly essays
  • "Franklin as Printer and Publisher" in The Century (April 1899) v. 57 pp. 803–18.
  • "Franklin as Scientist" in The Century (September 1899) v.57 pp. 750–63. By Paul Leicester Ford.
  • "Franklin as Politician and Diplomatist" in The Century (October 1899) v. 57 pp. 881–99. By Paul Leicester Ford.
• Gleason, Philip. "Trouble in the Colonial Melting Pot." Journal of American Ethnic History 2000 20(1): 3–17.
• Houston, Alan. Benjamin Franklin and the Politics of Improvement (2009)
• Lemay, J.A. Leo, ed. Reappraising Benjamin Franklin: A Bicentennial Perspective (1993) – scholarly essays
• Mathews, L.K. "Benjamin Franklin's Plans for a Colonial Union, 1750–1775." American Political Science Review 8 (August 1914): 393–412.
• McCoy, Drew R. (1978). „Benjamin Franklin's Vision of a Republican Political Economy for America”. William and Mary Quarterly. 35 (4): 607—28. JSTOR 1923207. doi:10.2307/1923207. 
• Merli, Frank J., and Theodore A. Wilson, eds. Makers of American diplomacy, from Benjamin Franklin to Henry Kissinger (1974) online free
• Newman, Simon P. "Benjamin Franklin and the Leather-Apron Men: The Politics of Class in Eighteenth-Century Philadelphia", Journal of American Studies, August 2009, Vol. 43#2 pp. 161–75; Franklin took pride in his working class origins and his printer's skills.
• Olson, Lester C. Benjamin Franklin's Vision of American Community: A Study in Rhetorical Iconology. (2004). 323 pp.
• Schiffer, Michael Brian. Draw the Lightning Down: Benjamin Franklin and Electrical Technology in the Age of Enlightenment. (2003). 383 pp.
• Stuart Sherman "Franklin" 1918 article on Franklin's writings.
• Skemp, Sheila L. Benjamin and William Franklin: Father and Son, Patriot and Loyalist (1994) – Ben's son was a leading Loyalist
• Sletcher, Michael. 'Domesticity: The Human Side of Benjamin Franklin', Magazine of History, XXI (2006).
• Waldstreicher, David. Runaway America: Benjamin Franklin, Slavery, and the American Revolution. Hill and Wang, 2004. 315 pp.
• Walters, Kerry S. Benjamin Franklin and His Gods. (1999). 213 pp. Takes position midway between D H Lawrence's brutal 1930 denunciation of Franklin's religion as nothing more than a bourgeois commercialism tricked out in shallow utilitarian moralisms and Owen Aldridge's sympathetic 1967 treatment of the dynamism and protean character of Franklin's "polytheistic" religion.
• York, Neil. "When Words Fail: William Pitt, Benjamin Franklin and the Imperial Crisis of 1766", Parliamentary History, October 2009, Vol. 28#3 pp. 341–74

Istoriografija

• Waldstreicher, David, ed. A Companion to Benjamin Franklin (2011), 25 essays by scholars emphasizing how historians have handled Franklin. online edition Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (20. октобар 2017)

Примарни извори

• Silence Dogood, The Busy-Body, & Early Writings (J.A. Leo Lemay, ed.) (Library of America, 1987 one-volume, 2005 two-volume). ISBN 978-1-931082-22-8.
• Autobiography, Poor Richard, & Later Writings (J.A. Leo Lemay, ed.) (Library of America, 1987 one-volume, 2005 two-volume). ISBN 978-1-883011-53-6.
• Bailyn, Bernard, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution (1992)
• Benjamin Franklin papers, M.S. Coll. 900, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. Finding aid
• Bailly, Jean-Sylvain (2002). „Secret report on mesmerism or animal magnetism”. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. 50 (4): 364—368. PMID 12362952. S2CID 143420875. doi:10.1080/00207140208410110. 
• Franklin, Benjamin; Majault; Roy, Le; Sallin; Bailly, Jean-Sylvain; d'Arcet; Bory, De; Guillotin, Joseph-Ignace; Lavoisier, Antoine (2002). „Report of the commissioners charged by the king with the examination of animal magnetism”. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. 50 (4): 332—363. PMID 12362951. S2CID 36506710. doi:10.1080/00207140208410109. 
• The Papers of Benjamin Franklin online, Sponsored by The American Philosophical Society and Yale University
• Benjamin Franklin Reader edited by Walter Isaacson (2003)
• Benjamin Franklin's Autobiography edited by J.A. Leo Lemay and P.M. Zall, (Norton Critical Editions, 1986); 390 pp. text, contemporary documents and 20th century analysis
• Houston, Alan, ur. (2004). Franklin: The Autobiography and other Writings on Politics, Economics, and Virtue. Cambridge University Press. . 371 pp.
• Ketcham, Ralph, ed. The Political Thought of Benjamin Franklin. (1965, reprinted 2003). 459 pp.
• Leonard Labaree, and others., eds., The Papers of Benjamin Franklin, 39 vols. to date (1959–2008), definitive edition, through 1783. This massive collection of BF's writings, and letters to him, is available in large academic libraries. It is most useful for detailed research on specific topics. The complete text of all the documents are online and searchable; The Index is also online na sajtu Wayback Machine (arhivirano 2010-09-28).
• The Way to Wealth. Applewood Books. 1986. ISBN 978-0-918222-88-6. 
• Poor Richard's Almanack. Peter Pauper Press. 1983. ISBN 978-0-88088-918-6. 
• Poor Richard Improved by Benjamin Franklin (1751)
• Writings (Franklin). ISBN 978-0-940450-29-5. 
• "On Marriage."
• "Satires and Bagatelles."
• "A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain."
• "Fart Proudly: Writings of Benjamin Franklin You Never Read in School." Carl Japikse, Ed. Frog Ltd.; Reprint ed. 2003. ISBN 978-1-58394-079-2.
• "Heroes of America Benjamin Franklin."
• "Experiments and Observations on Electricity." (1751)

Spoljašnje veze

• Lesson plans for high schools Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (21. децембар 2018) from National Endowment for the Humanities
• Benjamin Franklin and Electrostatics Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (14. август 2017) experiments and Franklin's electrical writings from Wright Center for Science Education
• Animated Hero Classics: Benjamin Franklin (1993) na sajtu IMDb (jezik: engleski)
• Franklin's impact on medicine – talk by medical historian, Dr. Jim Leavesley celebrating the 300th anniversary of Franklin's birth on Okham's Razor ABC Radio National – December 2006
• Bendžamin Frenklin na sajtu Find a Grave (jezik: engleski)
• Benjamin Franklin Papers, Kislak Center for Special Collections, Rare Books and Manuscripts, University of Pennsylvania.

Biografije i vodiči

• Special Report: Citizen Ben's Greatest Virtues Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (4. јул 2003) Time Magazine
• Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
• Finding Franklin: A Resource Guide Library of Congress
• Guide to Benjamin Franklin Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (16. март 2010) By a history professor at the University of Illinois.
• Benjamin Franklin: An extraordinary life PBS
• Benjamin Franklin: First American Diplomat, 1776–1785 US State Department
• The Electric Benjamin Franklin ushistory.org
• Benjamin Franklin: A Documentary History by J.A. Leo Lemay
• Benjamin Franklin 1706–1790 Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (29. март 2010) Text of biography by Rev. Charles A. Goodrich, 1856
• Cooperative Hall of Fame testimonial for founding the Philadelphia Contributionship
• Online edition of Franklin's personal library
• Chisholm, Hugh, ur. (1911). „Franklin, Benjamin”. Encyclopædia Britannica (na jeziku: engleski) (11 izd.). Cambridge University Press. 
• O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F. „Bendžamin Frenklin”. MacTutor History of Mathematics archive. University of St Andrews. 
• "Writings of Benjamin Franklin" from C-SPAN's American Writers: A Journey Through History

Onlajn spisi

• Yale edition of complete works, the standard scholarly edition
  • Founders Online, searchable edition
• Benjamin Franklin na sajtu Projekat Gutenberg (jezik: engleski)
• Bendžamin Frenklin na sajtu Internet Archive (jezik: engleski)
• Bendžamin Frenklin na sajtu LibriVox (jezik: engleski)
• Online Works by Franklin
• "Dialogue Between Franklin and the Gout" Creative Commons audio recording.
• American Institute of Physics Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (23. март 2010) — Letter IV: Farther Experiments Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (30. септембар 2009) (PDF), and Letter XI: Observations in electricity Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (30. септембар 2009) (PDF)
• Franklin's 13 Virtues Extract of Franklin's autobiography, compiled by Paul Ford.
• Franklin's Last Will & Testament Transcription.
• Library of Congress web resource: Benjamin Franklin ... In His Own Words
• "A Silence Dogood Sampler" – Selections from Franklin's Silence Dogood writings
• Abridgement of the Book of Common Prayer (1773), by Benjamin Franklin and Francis Dashwood, transcribed by Richard Mammana

Autobiografija

• The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin Single page version, UShistory.org
• The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin from American Studies at the University of Virginia
• The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin at Project Gutenberg
• The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin LibriVox recording

U umetnosti

• Benjamin Franklin 300 (1706–2006) Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (20. август 2008) Official web site of the Benjamin Franklin Tercentenary.
• Historical Society of Pennsylvania Collection of Benjamin Franklin Papers, including correspondence, government documents, writings and a copy of his will, are available for research use at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
• The Benjamin Franklin House Franklin's only surviving residence.
• Ben Franklin Birthplace A historic site, link provides location and map.
• Benjamin Franklin and music Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (16. септембар 2019)
• "Benjamin Franklin", a poem by Florence Earle Coates

Spoljašnji video-zapis

Presentation by H.W. Brands on The First American: The Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin, October 5, 2000, C-SPAN

Presentation by Walter Isaacson on Benjamin Franklin: An American Life, July 22, 2003, C-SPAN

Presentation by Edmund S. Morgan on Benjamin Franklin, November 12, 2002, [lC-SPAN

Presentation by Stacy Schiff on A Great Improvisation: Franklin, France, and the Birth of America, April 12, 2005, C-SPAN

Booknotes interview with James Srodes on Franklin: The Essential Founding Father, May 19, 2002, C-SPAN

Interview with Gordon S. Wood on The Americanization of Benjamin Franklin, June 4, 2004, C-SPAN video7 = Panel discussion on Franklin with Walter Isaacson, Gordon Wood, and Stacy Schiff, hosted by Jim Lehrer, January 8, 2006, C-SPAN