Velika igra

Velika igra je bio naziv za strateško rivalstvo između Britanske imperije i Ruske Imperije zarad dominacije nad srednjom Azijom. Za klasični period Velike igre se smatrao da je trajao približno od Rusko-persijskog sporazuma iz 1813. do Anglo-ruske konvencije iz 1907. Manje intenzivna faza je trajala nakon Oktobarske revolucije 1917. U postkolonijalnom periodu, ovaj naziv je nastavio da se koristi za opisivanje geopolitičke mahinacije velikih i regionalnih sila za geopolitičkom moći u uticajem u regionu. Smišljanje izraza „Velika igra“ se obično pripisuje Arturu Konoliju, obaveštajnom oficiru Šestog bengalskog lakog konjičkog puka Britanske istočnoindijske kompanije. Termin je u širu upotrebu uveo britanski književnk Radjard Kipling u svom romanu Kim (1901).

Persija na početku Velike igre 1814.

Srednja Azija oko 1848.

Politički crtež koji prikazuje avganskog emira Šer Ali Kana između ruskog medveda i britanskog lava.

Velika igra je takođe imala direktne posledice u Persiji i Britanskoj Indiji. Britanija je smatrala da Rusija planira invaziju na Indiju i da je to cilj ruske ekspanzije u centralnoj Aziji, dok se Rusija protivila širenju britanskih interesa u centralnoj Aziji. Kao rezultat toga, došlo je do duboke atmosfere nepoverenja i razgovora o ratu između dva velika evropska carstva. Britanija je postavila kao visoki prioritet zaštitu svih pristupa Indiji, dok je Rusija nastavila sa osvajanjem Centralne Azije. Neki istoričari Rusije zaključili su da je nakon 1801. godine Rusija imala minimalne namere ili planove u pogledu Indije i da se uglavnom radilo o britanskim sumnjama, iako je potvrđeno više planova invazije iz 19. veka, uključujući Duhamelov plan i Hrulevov plan, među kasnijim planovima koji nikada nisu materijalizovani.

Velika igra je počela 12. januara 1830. godine kada je lord Elenbaro, predsednik Odbora za kontrolu Indije, zadužio lorda Vilijama Bentinka, generalnog guvernera, da uspostavi novu trgovačku rutu do Buharskog emirata. Britanija je nameravala da stekne kontrolu nad Avganistanskim emiratom i učini ga protektoratom, te da koristi Osmansko carstvo, Persijsko carstvo, Hivatski kanat i Buharski emirat kao tampon države koje blokiraju rusku ekspanziju. Ovo bi zaštitilo Indiju, a takođe i ključne britanske pomorske trgovačke puteve sprečavajući Rusiju da dobije luku u Persijskom zalivu ili Indijskom okeanu. Rusija je predložila Avganistan za neutralnu zonu. Rezultati su uključivali neuspeli Prvi anglo-avganistanski rat 1838. godine, Prvi anglo-sikijski rat 1845. godine, Drugi anglo-sikijski rat 1848. godine, Drugi anglo-avganistanski rat 1878. godine i pripojenje Kokanda Rusiji.

Neki istoričari smatraju da je kraj Velike igre potpisivanje protokola Komisije za granicu Pamira 10. septembra 1895. godine, kada je definisana granica između Avganistana i Ruskog carstva. Drugi smatraju da je Velika igra okončana potpisivanjem Anglo-ruske konvencije 31. avgusta 1907. Roman Rudjarda Kiplinga Kim iz 1901. učinio je termin popularnim i uveo novu implikaciju rivalstva velikih sila. Postao je još popularniji nakon početka Sovjetsko-afganistanskog rata 1979. godine.

Literatura

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Spoljašnje veze

• The Franco-Russian Expedition to India
• Central Asia: Afghanistan and Her Relation to British and Russian Territories from 1885.
• The timeline of the Great Game Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (24. septembar 2015)