Dobro
Dobro je najveća etička vrednost i jedan od središnjih filozofskih pojmova. S njim u vezi je i dobro delanje koje čoveka približava vrhunskom dobru. Dobro je suprotnost zla.
U filozofiji se razlikuje dobro po sebi i korisno dobro. Dobro po sebi (ili čisto dobro) ne zavisi od drugog bića, nema svrhu izvan sebe, niti za cilj ima neku korist ili interes. Korisno dobro ima za svrhu neku korist, neki interes. U etici je poznato i hedonističko i utilitarističko shvatanje dobra. Hedonizam ističe ugođaj, osećaj zadovoljstva, kao najveće dobro, dok utilitarizam ističe korist.
Etimologija
urediU sanskritu koren reči dobar je dhab, tj. ono što pristaje i što nečemu pripada (odnosno odgovara svojoj svrsi), što je u staroslovenskom “doba”.[1] Iz toga su nastale reči srpskog jezika: dobar, dobro, dobrota, udoban, podoban i (suprotnost) grdoban. Reč dobro kao osnov gradi mnoge složenice poput: dobro-ćudnost, -dušnost, -hotnost, - činstvo, -namernost, -stivost, -voljnost...
Dobro u religiji
urediU hrišćanskoj, jevrejskoj i islamskoj religiji najviše dobro je Bog. Sva pojedinačna dobra teže da se približe vrhovnom dobru (lat. summum bonum), i zbog toga je moguće stupnjevito merenje dobra (dobar-bolji-najbolji). Sve religije preporučuju dobra dela kao put do vrhunskog dobra.
Dobro u filozofiji
urediMnogi filozofi su se bavili pitanjem vrline i dobra. Sokrat je smatrao da se vrlina može naučiti, odnosno da je ona znanje. Tvrdio je da čovek mora znati šta je dobro, da bi to činio. Aristotel vidi dobro kao svrhu i cilj kojem teže sve pojedinačne delatnosti.
„ | Svako umijeće i svako istraživanje, te slično djelovanje i pothvat, teže, čini se, nekom dobru. Stoga je lijepo rečeno da je dobro ono čemu sve teži. | ” |
— Aristotel, Nikomahova etika |
Za hrišćanske mislioce, najveće dobro je kada čovek postigne konačnu svrhu svoga života. Boetije (oko 480 - 524), rimski hrišćanski filozof, u svom delu „Uteha filozofije“, tvrdi da je najveće dobro ono što se čoveku ne može oduzeti:
„ | Ako je sreća najveće dobro bića, koje živi po razumu, i ako ono, što se na bilo koji način može oduzeti, nije najveće dobro, jer se pred njim ističe ono, što se ne može ugrabiti, očito je da nestalnost udesa ne može potpomagati sticanje sreće. Pritom onaj, kojeg vuče ta nepostojana sreća, ili zna da je ona nepromenljiva, ili ne zna. Ako ne zna, kako li može biti sretan udes zasnovan na zaslepljenosti neznanja? Ako pak zna, nužno je da se boji, da ne bi izgubio ono, za što ne sumnja da se može izgubiti, pa mu zato neprekidan strah ne dopušta, da bude sretan. Ili pak, ako to izgubi, drži da ne mora za to mariti? I po tome je ono dobro, čiji se gubitak može ravnodušno podnositi, doista vrlo neznatno. | ” |
— Boetije, Uteha filozofije (124 - 125)[2] |
Tomas Hobs svodi ideju dobra na puki objekt naših želja i ciljeva. Žan Žak Ruso (1712-1778) smatra da je priroda čoveka i sveta duboko neiskvarena i dobra. Priroda je najbolji učitelj dobra a usklađenost sa prirodom je pravilo života i vrline. Džon Stjuart Mil, predstavnik utilitarističkog shvatanja dobra, smatra da svako delo treba procenjivati prema posledicama, odnosno štetnosti i korisnosti po pojedinca i zajednicu. Savremeni etičari umesto termina dobro preferiraju reč vrednost za dobro koje je korisno čoveku, ističući subjektivnu stranu dobra.
U oblasti biologije
urediNeki biolozi (posebno Edvard O. Vilson, Džeremi Grifit, Dejvid Sloun Vilson i Frans de Val) smatraju moralnost važnim pitanjem kojim se bavi oblast biologije.[3][4][5][6]
Vidi još
urediIzvori
uredi- ^ Živan Bezić, Problem zla i zloće
- ^ Vjeko Kolajić, Fenomen zla u filozofiji od klasične patristike do Baruha de Spinoze
- ^ Wilson, Edward Osborne (2012). The Social Conquest of Earth . ISBN 9780871404138.
- ^ Griffith, Jeremy (2011). Good vs Evil. The Book of Real Answers to Everything!. ISBN 9781741290073.
- ^ Wilson, Edward Osborne (2007). Evolution for Everyone: How Darwin's Theory Can Change the Way We Think About Our Lives. ISBN 9780385340922.
- ^ de Waal, Frans (2012). Moral behavior in animals. Arhivirano iz originala 2012-04-17. g. Pristupljeno 2012-11-20.
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- Yandell, Keith E. (1973). God, man, and religion: readings in the philosophy of religion . McGraw-Hill. containing articles by Paterson Brown:
- "Religious Morality", (from Mind, 1963).
- "Religious Morality: a Reply to Flew and Campbell", (from Mind, 1964).
- "God and the Good", (from Religious Studies, 1967).
- Ashley Welch, "Virtuous behaviors sanction later sins: people are quick to treat themselves after a good deed or healthy act" March 4, 2012.
- Roberto Andorno, "Do our moral judgements need to be guided by principles?" Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, 2012, 21(4), 457–65.
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- Rodriguez, Tommy (2011). Diaries of Dissension: A Case Against the Irrational and Absurd. iUniverse Publishing. ISBN 1-475-91933-6
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- King, Barbara (2007). Evolving God: A Provocative View on the Origins of Religion. Doubleday Publishing." ISBN 0-385-52155-3.
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- Range, Friederike; Horn, Lisa; Viranyi, Zsófia; Huber, Ludwig (7. 12. 2008). „The absence of reward induces inequity aversion in dogs”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (1): 340—345. PMC 2629244 . PMID 19064923. doi:10.1073/pnas.0810957105 .
- Hoffman, Moshe; Yoeli, Erez; Navarrete, Carlos David (2016). „Game Theory and Morality”. The Evolution of Morality. Evolutionary Psychology. str. 289—316. ISBN 978-3-319-19670-1. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-19671-8_14.
- Buchanan, Allen; Powell, Russell (oktobar 2015). „The Limits of Evolutionary Explanations of Morality and Their Implications for Moral Progress”. Ethics. 126 (1): 37—67. S2CID 146760529. doi:10.1086/682188.
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Spoljašnje veze
uredi- Evolution of Morality on PhilPapers
- Richard Dawkins video clip on morality
- Marc Hauser, Evolution of a Universal Moral Grammar, Part 1, Part 2, Part 3
- Is morality innate? Brief video clip that examines whether infants have a sense or morality.
- Sam Harris: Can Science Help Determine what is Moral? Part 1, Part 2
- Jonathan Haidt on the Five foundations of morality