Žarnjaci
Žarnjaci su životinje iz tipa Cnidaria i predstavljaju najjednostavnije eumetazoe, radijalno simetričnog tela. Postoji oko 11000 vrsta.[5] Zajedno sa tipom rebronoša (Ctenophora) pripadaju grupi dupljara.
Žarnjaci Vremenski raspon: edijakarijum–sadašnjost
| |
---|---|
Četiri primera žarnjaka:
| |
Naučna klasifikacija | |
Domen: | Eukaryota |
Carstvo: | Animalia |
Kladus: | ParaHoxozoa |
Tip: | Cnidaria Hatschek, 1888 |
Tipska vrsta | |
Nematostella vectensis[4] | |
Subphyla[3] i klase | |
|
Opšti plan građe uredi
Telesni zid se sastoji od spoljašnjeg ektodermisa i unutrašnjeg endodermisa, a između ova dva sloja je nećelijska mezogleja. Telesni zid obavija tzv. gastro-vaskularnu duplju u kojoj se pored varenja hrane vrši i transport svarene hrane do svih delova tela [gaster= želudac; vas =krvni sud]. Ova duplja ima samo jedan otvor preko koga ulaze hranljivi sastojci i izlaze nesvareni sastojci. Hrane se sitnim organizmima koje hvataju tentakulama (pipcima) i ubacuju kroz usni otvor. Varenje hrane je unutarćelijsko i vrši se u ćelijama sa pseudopodijama, koje se nalaze u endodermisu. Žarnjaci, (kao i sunđeri), nemaju krvni, respiratorni ni ekskretorni sistem.
Ćelije epidermisa uredi
U epidermisu se nalaze epitelomišićne ćelije, koje učestvuju u pokretanju čitavog organizma ili njegovih delova (tentakula), zatim se nalaze žarne ćelije ili knide i nervne ćelije. Žarne ćelije su naročito skoncentrisane na tentakulama koje služe za hvatanje plena, a mogu imati ulogu i u odbrani.
Nervni sistem uredi
Kod žarnjaka se prvi put u živom svetu javlja nervni sistem i to u najprostijem obliku - difuzan (mrežast) nervni sistem. Nervne ćelije su razbacane bez nekog naročitog reda po epidermisu i međusobno su povezane u mrežu (difuzum).
Morfološki oblici uredi
Žarnjaci se javljaju u dva oblika kao polip i meduza. Kod žarnjaka koji imaju oba ova oblika, dolazi do smene generacija. Polip je bespolna generacija koja se razmnožava pupljenjem (bespolno), a meduze se razmnožavaju polno obrazovanjem gameta (spermatozoida i jajnih ćelija). Iz oplođene jajne ćelije razvija se larva planula. Polipi su sesilni organizmi, dok su meduze slobodnoplivajuće. Razlikuju se i po obliku - meduze su oblika kišobrana, a polipi imaju cilindričan oblik.
Klasifikacija uredi
Klasifikacija žarnjaka izvršena je prema tome koji morfološki oblik imaju. Dele se na tri klase:
- Hydrozoa, polipi i meduze;
- Scyphozoa, meduze
- Anthozoa, korali i morske sase,
Porodice uredi
- Abylidae Agassiz, 1862
- Acanthogorgiidae Gray, 1859
- Acaulidae
- Acontiophoridae Carlgren, 1938
- Acroporidae Verrill, 1902
- Actinernidae Stephenson, 1922
- Actiniidae Rafinesque, 1815
- Actinodendronidae Haddon, 1898
- Actinodiscidae
- Actinoscyphiidae Stephenson, 1920
- Actinostolidae Carlgren, 1932
- Aeginidae
- Aequoreidae
- Agalmatidae Brandt, 1835
- Agariciidae Gray, 1847
- Aglaopheniidae
- Aiptasiidae Carlgren, 1924
- Aiptasiomorphidae Carlgren, 1949
- Alcyoniidae Lamouroux, 1812
- Aliciidae Duerden, 1895
- Andresiidae Stephenson, 1922
- Andwakiidae Danielssen, 1890
- Anthemiphylliidae Vaughan, 1907
- Anthoptilidae
- Anthothelidae Broch, 1916
- Antipathidae Ehrenberg, 1834
- Aphanipathidae Opresko, 2004
- Apolemiidae
- Archirhizidae Haeckel, 1880
- Armorhydridae Swedmark and Teissier, 1958
- Astrocoeniidae Koby, 1890
- Athorybiidae Huxley, 1859
- Atollidae
- Atorellidae
- Aurelianidae Andres, 1883
- Balellidae Stechow, 1922
- Bathyphelliidae Carlgren, 1932
- Blackfordiidae
- Boloceroididae Carlgren, 1924
- Bonneviellidae
- Botrucnidiferidae
- Bougainvilliidae Lütken, 1850
- Briareidae Gray, 1859
- Briaridae
- Bythotiaridae Maas, 1905
- Calycellidae
- Campanulariidae
- Campanulinidae Hinks, 1868
- Candelabridae Stechow, 1921
- Carybdeidae Gegenbaur, 1856
- Caryophylliidae Dana, 1846
- Cassiopeidae
- Cerianthidae Milne-Edwards and Haime, 1852
- Chirodropidae Haeckel, 1880
- Chiropsalmidae Thiel, 1936
- Chrysogorgiidae Verrill, 1883
- Chunellidae Kükenthal, 1902
- Cirrholoveniidae
- Cladocorynidae Allman, 1872
- Cladonematidae Gegenbaur, 1857
- Cladopathidae Kinoshita, 1910
- Clausophyidae
- Clavulariidae Hickson, 1894
- Condylanthidae Stephenson, 1922
- Coralliidae Lamouroux, 1812
- Corallimorphidae
- Corymorphidae Allman, 1872
- Corynidae Johnston, 1836
- Cuninidae
- Cyaneidae L. Agassiz, 1862
- Cytaeididae L. Agassiz, 1862
- Dendrophylliidae Gray, 1847
- Depastridae Haeckel, 1879
- Diadumenidae Stephenson, 1920
- Diphyidae
- Dipleurosomatidae
- Echinoptilidae Hubrecht, 1885
- Edwardsiidae Andres, 1881
- Eirenidae Haeckel, 1879
- Eleutheriidae Russell, 1953
- Ellisellidae Gray, 1859
- Epizoanthidae Gray, 1867
- Eucheilotidae
- Eudendriidae
- Exocoelactiidae Carlgren, 1925
- Faviidae Gregory, 1900
- Flabellidae Bourne, 1905
- Forskaliidae
- Fungiacyathidae Chevalier, 1987
- Fungiidae Dana, 1846
- Funiculinidae
- Galatheanthemidae Carlgren, 1956
- Gardineriidae Stolarski, 1996
- Gerardiidae Rocher and Tixier-Durivault, 1951
- Geryoniidae Eschscholtz, 1829
- Gonactiniidae Carlgren, 1893
- Gorgoniidae Lamouroux, 1812
- Guyniidae Hickson, 1910
- Halammohydridae Remane, 1927
- Halcampidae Andres, 1883
- Halcampoididae Appellöf, 1896
- Halcuriidae Carlgren, 1918
- Haleciidae
- Haliactiidae Carlgren, 1949
- Halicreatidae Fewkes, 1886
- Halimedusidae Arai and Brinckmann-Voss, 1980
- Haliplanellidae Hand, 1956
- Halipteridae Williams, 1995
- Haloclavidae Verrill, 1899
- Halopterididae
- Hippopodiidae
- Hormathiidae Carlgren, 1932
- Hydractiniidae L. Agassiz, 1862
- Hydridae
- Hydrocorynidae Rees, 1957
- Iosactiidae Riemann-Zürneck, 1997
- Isanthidae Carlgren, 1938
- Isididae Lamouroux, 1812
- Isophelliidae Stephenson, 1935
- Keroeididae Kinoshita, 1910
- Kirchenpaueriidae
- Kishinouyeidae
- Kophobelemnidae
- Kyopodiidae Larson, 1988
- Lafoeidae
- Laodiceidae
- Leiopathidae
- Limnactiniidae Carlgren, 1921
- Linuchidae
- Lipkeidae
- Liponematidae Hertwig, 1882
- Lovenellidae
- Lucernariidae
- Malagazziidae Bouillon, 1984
- Margelopsidae Uchida, 1927
- Mastigiidae
- Meandrinidae Gray, 1847
- Melicertidae
- Melithaeidae Gray, 1870
- Merulinidae Verrill, 1866
- Metridiidae Carlgren, 1893
- Micrabaciidae Vaughan, 1905
- Milleporidae Fleming, 1828
- Minyadidae Milne Edwards, 1857
- Mitrocomidae
- Moerisiidae Poche, 1914
- Monobrachiidae
- Mussidae Ortmann, 1890
- Myriopathidae Opresko, 2001
- Nausithoidae
- Nemanthidae Carlgren, 1940
- Nevadneidae Carlgren, 1925
- Nidaliidae
- Oceanidae Eschscholtz, 1829
- Octineonidae Fowler, 1894
- Octocannoidae Bouillon, Boero and Seghers, 1991
- Oculinidae Gray, 1847
- Olindiidae Haeckel, 1879
- Orchistomatidae Bouillon, 1984
- Otohydridae Swedmark and Teissier, 1958
- Pandeidae Haeckel, 1879
- Paragorgiidae
- Paragotoeidae
- Paramuriceidae Bayer, 1956
- Paraphyllinidae
- Parazoanthidae
- Pectiniidae Vaughan and Wells, 1943
- Pelagiidae Gegenbaur, 1856
- Pennariidae McCrady, 1859
- Pennatulidae Ehrenberg, 1828
- Periphyllidae
- Petasidae Haeckel, 1879
- Phialellidae
- Phialuciidae Kramp, 1955
- Phymanthidae Andres, 1883
- Physaliidae Brandt, 1835
- Physophoridae
- Plexauridae Gray, 1859
- Plumulariidae
- Pocilloporidae Gray, 1842
- Polyorchidae Agassiz, 1862
- Polypodiidae
- Poritidae Gray, 1842
- Porpitidae Goldfuss, 1818
- Prayidae
- Preactiidae England in England and Robson, 1984
- Primnoidae
- Proboscidactylidae Hand and Hendrickson, 1950
- Protohydridae
- Protoptilidae Kölliker, 1872
- Ptychodactiidae Appellöf, 1893
- Ptychogastriidae Mayer, 1910
- Pyrostephidae
- Rathkeidae Russell, 1953
- Renillidae Gray, 1860
- Rhizangiidae D'Orbigny, 1851
- Rhizophysidae Brandt, 1835
- Rhizostomatidae Claus, 1883
- Rhodaliidae
- Rhopalonematidae Russell, 1953
- Rhysiidae
- Russelliidae Kramp, 1957
- Sagartiidae Gosse, 1858
- Sagartiomorphidae Carlgren, 1934
- Schizopathidae Brook, 1889
- Sertulariidae Lamouroux, 1812
- Siderastreidae Vaughan and Wells, 1943
- Solanderiidae Marshall, 1892
- Solmarisidae
- Sphaerocorynidae Prévot, 1959
- Sphaeronectidae
- Stachyptilidae
- Stichodactylidae Andres, 1883
- Stylasteridae Gray, 1847
- Syntheciidae
- Tetraplatidae
- Thalassianthidae Milne Edwards, 1857
- Thamnasteriidae Vaughan and Wells, 1943
- Thyroscyphidae
- Tiarannidae
- Tiaropsidae
- Trachyphylliidae Verrill, 1901
- Trichydridae Hincks, 1868
- Tubulariidae Fleming, 1828
- Turbinoliidae Milne-Edwards and Haime, 1848
- Ulmaridae Haeckel, 1880
- Umbellulidae Lindahl, 1874
- Virgulariidae Verrill, 1868
- Xeniidae Ehrenberg, 1828
- Zancleidae Russell, 1953
- Zancleopsidae Bouillon, 1978
- Zoanthidae
Galerija uredi
-
Pacifička morska kopriva
Reference uredi
- ^ Classes in Medusozoa based on „ITIS Report – Taxon: Subphylum Medusozoa”. Universal Taxonomic Services. Pristupljeno 18. 3. 2018.
- ^ Collins, A.G. (maj 2002). „Phylogeny of Medusozoa and the Evolution of Cnidarian Life Cycles” (PDF). Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 15 (3): 418—432. doi:10.1046/j.1420-9101.2002.00403.x. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 22. 9. 2006. g. Pristupljeno 27. 11. 2008.
- ^ Subphyla Anthozoa and Medusozoa based on „The Taxonomicon – Taxon: Phylum Cnidaria”. Universal Taxonomic Services. Arhivirano iz originala 29. 9. 2007. g. Pristupljeno 10. 7. 2007.
- ^ Steele, Robert E.; Technau, Ulrich (15. 4. 2011). „Evolutionary crossroads in developmental biology: Cnidaria”. Development (na jeziku: engleski). 138 (8): 1447—1458. ISSN 0950-1991. PMID 21389047. doi:10.1242/dev.048959.
- ^ „WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species”. www.marinespecies.org. Pristupljeno 17. 12. 2018.
Literatura uredi
- Dogelj, V, A: Zoologija beskičmenjaka, Naučna knjiga, Beograd, 1971.
- Krunić, M: Zoologija invertebrata 1, Naučna knjiga, Beograd, 1977.
- Krunić, M: Zoologija invertebrata 2, Naučna knjiga, Beograd
- Mariček, magdalena, Ćurčić, B, Radović, I: Specijalna zoologija, Naučna knjiga, Beograd, 1986.
- Matoničkin, I, Habdija, I, Primc - Habdija, B: Beskralješnjaci - bilogija nižih avertebrata, Školska knjiga, Zagreb, 1998.
- Marcon, E, Mongini, M: Sve životinje sveta, IRO Vuk Karadžić, Beograd, 1986.
- Petrov, I: Sakupljanje, preparovanje i čuvanje insekata u zbirkama, Biološki fakultet, Beograd, 2000.
- Radović, I, Petrov, Brigita: Raznovrsnost života 1 - struktura i funkcija, Biološki fakultet Beograd i Stylos Novi Sad, Beograd, 2001.
- Arai, M.N.. A Functional Biology of Scyphozoa. London: Chapman & Hall [p. 316]. 1997. ISBN 978-0-412-45110-2..
- Ax, P. (1999). Das System der Metazoa I. Ein Lehrbuch der phylogenetischen Systematik. Stuttgart-Jena: Gustav Fischer. ISBN 978-3-437-30803-1..
- Barnes, R.S.K., P. Calow, P. J. W. Olive, D. W. Golding & J. I. Spicer. The invertebrates—a synthesis. Oxford: Blackwell. [chapter 3.4.2, p. 54]. (3rd изд.). 2001. ISBN 978-0-632-04761-1..
- Brusca, R.C., G.J. Brusca. Invertebrates. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates. [chapter 8, p. 219]. (2nd изд.). 2003. ISBN 978-0-87893-097-5..
- Dalby, A. (2003). Food in the Ancient World: from A to Z. London: Routledge.
- Moore, J.(2001). An Introduction to the Invertebrates. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press [chapter 4, p. 30]. ISBN 978-0-521-77914-2..
- Schäfer, W. (1997). Cnidaria, Nesseltiere. In Rieger, W. (ed.) Spezielle Zoologie. Teil 1. Einzeller und Wirbellose Tiere.. . Stuttgart-Jena: Gustav Fischer. Spektrum Akademischer Verl., Heidelberg. 2004. ISBN 978-3-8274-1482-3..
- Werner, B. 4. Stamm Cnidaria. In: V. Gruner (ed.) Lehrbuch der speziellen Zoologie. Begr. von Kaestner. 2 Bde. Stuttgart-Jena: Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart-Jena. 1954, 1980, 1984, Spektrum Akad. Verl., Heidelberg-Berlin, 1993. (5th изд.). ISBN 978-3-334-60474-8..
- Anderson, D.T.. Invertebrate Zoology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [chapter 3, p. 31]. (2nd изд.). 2001. ISBN 978-0-19-551368-4..
- Ruppert, E.E., R.S. Fox & R.P. Barnes. Invertebrate Zoology—a Functional Evolutionary Approach. Belmont: Brooks-Cole [chapter 7, p. 111]. 2004. ISBN 978-0-03-025982-1..
- D. Bridge, B. Schierwater, C. W. Cunningham, R. DeSalle R, L. W. Buss: Mitochondrial DNA structure and the molecular phylogeny of recent cnidaria classes. in: Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Philadelphia USA 89.1992, p. 8750. ISSN 0097-3157
- D. Bridge, C. W. Cunningham, R. DeSalle, L. W. Buss: Class-level relationships in the phylum Cnidaria—Molecular and morphological evidence. in: Molecular biology and evolution. Oxford University Press, Oxford 12.1995, p. 679. ISSN 0737-4038
- D. G. Fautin: Reproduction of CnidariaŠablon:Closed access. in: Canadian Journal of Zoology. Ottawa Ont. 80.2002, p. 1735. (PDF, online) ISSN 0008-4301
- G. O. Mackie: What's new in cnidarian biology?Šablon:Closed access in: Canadian Journal of Zoology. Ottawa Ont. 80.2002, p. 1649. (PDF, online) ISSN 0008-4301
- P. Schuchert: Phylogenetic analysis of the Cnidaria. in: Zeitschrift für zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung. Paray, Hamburg-Berlin 31.1993, p. 161. ISSN 0044-3808
- G. Kass-Simon, A. A. Scappaticci Jr.: The behavioral and developmental physiology of nematocysts.Šablon:Closed access in: Canadian Journal of Zoology. Ottawa Ont. 80.2002, p. 1772. (PDF, online) ISSN 0044-3808
- J. Zrzavý (2001). „The interrelationships of metazoan parasites: a review of phylum- and higher-level hypotheses from recent morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses”. Folia Parasitologica. 48 (2): 81—103. PMID 11437135. doi:10.14411/fp.2001.013.
- Marques, A. C.; Collins, A. G. (2004). „Cladistic analysis of Medusozoa and cnidarian evolution”. Invertebrate Biology. 123 (1): 23—42. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7410.2004.tb00139.x.
Spoljašnje veze uredi
- Bioscolos
- A Cnidaria homepage maintained by University of California, Irvine
- Cnidaria page at Tree of Life Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (1. decembar 2006)
- Fossil Gallery: Cnidarians
- Wonders of the Seas: Cnidarians
- Cnidarians at MSN Encarta
- YouTube: Nematocysts Firing
- YouTube:My Anemone Eat Meat Defensive and feeding behaviour of sea anemone
- Cnidaria - Guide to the Marine Zooplankton of south eastern Australia, Tasmanian Aquaculture & Fisheries Institute
- A Cnidaria homepage maintained by University of California, Irvine
- Fossil Gallery: Cnidarians
- The Hydrozoa Directory
- Hexacorallians of the World