Википедија

Ksenoestrogen

Ksenoestrogeni su nove, industrijski izvedene supstance koje pokazuju estrogene efekte i imaju hemijsku strukturu arhiestrogena (prirodnih estrogena) proizvedenih u živim organizmima.[1] Uticaji ksenoestrogena na zdravlje ljudi i životnu sredinu danas su predmet mnogih istraživanja.[2][3] Ksenoestrogeni predstavljaju hemijske supstancije koje ometaju pravilno funkcionisanje endokrinog sistema,[4] a nalaze se u gotovo svim modernim kozmetičkim proizvodima, prskanoj neorganskoj hrani, plastičnim ambalažama i kućnoj hemiji.[5] Posebna štetnost ovih supstanci je evidentna kod organa osetljivih na dejstvo hormona, kao što su grudi, materica, jajnici, prostata, štitna žlezda.[6] Takođe, ksenoestrogeni povoljno utiču na gojaznost, neplodnost, rani početak puberteta, pojavu šećerne bolesti, slabljenje imuniteta.[7][8][9]

Atrazin pokazuju estrogene efekte

Mogući efekti uredi

Sve češće su u brojnim izvorima se za reproduktivne efekte otpužuju ksenoestrogeni, hemijske materije koje mogu da dovodu do hormonskih poremećaja, jer mnoge hemijske materije i njihove mešavine mogu da funkcionišu kao nepotpuni hormoni sa relativno niskim potencijalom.[10][11]

Ove supstance imitiraju efekte estrogena u telu i vremenom dovode do hromonalnih poremećaja u organizmu.[12] Nalaze se u velikom broju proizvoda, počev od voća i povrća, boja za kosu, šampona, pasti za zube, sve do tupfera za skidanje šminke. Takođe nitrati, pesticidi, steroidi i antibiotici spadaju u neke od najopasnijih ksenoestrogena.[13]

 
Ksenoestrogeni mogu da uzrokuju smanjenje broja,, abnormalnosti ili smanjenje pokretljivosti spermatozoida

Iako se pouzdano ne zna do kojih sve negativnih zdravstvenih efekata dovode kod izloženih osoba, ova jedinjenja, poznata i kao „hemijske varalice“ mogu da:[14][15]

  • Poremete fetalni rast u momentu seksualne diferencijacije, praćene poremećajem prirodnog hormonalnog balansa.[16]
  • Izazovu poremećaji u građi i funkcionisanju polnih organa.[17]
  • Naruše funkcije imunog i nervnog sistema.
  • Razore hormone ili da utiču na njihov njihov rad, što je vrlo važno za funkcionisanje organizma.
  • Uzrokuju pojave smanjenog broja spermatozoida,[18][19][20]
  • Povećana učestalost kriptorhizma
  • Povećaju broj abnormalnih spermatozoida,[21] što može da se poveže i sa povećanjem estrogena ili antiandrogena za vreme fetalnog ili postnatalnog života.[22][23][24]
  • Smanjenje pokretljivosti spermatozoida.[25][26]

Klinička slika uredi

S obzirom na to da ksenoestrogeni mogu izazvati hormonsku disbalans, neki od simptoma koji mogu da se jave nakon njihove upotrebe su:[27][28][29]

  • menstrualne nepravilnosti,
  • opadanja i gubitka kose,
  • pojave sindroma disfunkcije nadbubrežnih žlezda,
  • poremećaja rada jetre
  • poremećaja radabubrega,
  • sterilitet.[30][31]

Supstance koje pokazuju estrogene efekte uredi

 
Toksični efekti DDT na živi svet

U ovu grupu hemijskih materija spada preko 50 jedinjenja koja se nalaze u različitim delovima životne sredine.[32] Najpoznatiji predstavnici su: dioksini, organohlorni pesticidi,[33] polihlorovani bifenili (PCB), ftalati i neki teški metali, od kojih su najzastupljeniji:[34][35]

Prevencija uredi

Zaštitom životne sredine obezbeđuju se uslovi za zaštitu i unapređenje ljudskog zdravlja.[43]

Izvori uredi

  1. ^ Aksglaede L, Juul A, Leffers H, Skakkebaek NE, Andersson AM (2006). "The sensitivity of the child to sex steroids: possible impact of exogenous estrogens". Hum. Reprod. Update. 12 (4): 341–9.
  2. ^ Korach, Kenneth S. (1998). Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology. Marcel Dekker Ltd. str. 278–279, 294–295. ISBN 978-0824798574.
  3. ^ Sharpe RM. Declining sperm counts in men--is there an endocrine cause? J Endocrinol. 1993 Mar;136(3):357–360.
  4. ^ Johnson L, Petty CS, Neaves WB. A comparative study of daily sperm production and testicular composition in humans and rats. Biol Reprod. 1980 Jun;22(5):1233–1243.
  5. ^ „Šta su ksenoestrogeni?”. Tatjana Popovic | Certified Health Coach (на језику: српски). 2018-08-23. Приступљено 2021-01-24. 
  6. ^ Korach, Kenneth S. (1998). Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology. Marcel Dekker Ltd. pp. 278–279, 294–295. ISBN 978-0-8247-9857-4.
  7. ^ Herman-Giddens, Marcia E.; Slora, Eric J.; Wasserman, Richard C.; Bourdony, Carlos J.; Bhapkar, Manju V.; Koch, Gary G.; Hasemeier, Cynthia M. (1997). „Secondary Sexual Characteristics and Menses in Young Girls Seen in Office Practice: A Study from the Pediatric Research in Office Settings Network”. Pediatrics. 99 (4): 505—512. PMID 9093289. doi:10.1542/peds.99.4.505. .
  8. ^ Massart F, Parrino R, Seppia P, Federico G, Saggese G (June 2006). "How do environmental estrogen disruptors induce precocious puberty?". Minerva Pediatr. 58 (3): 247–54. . PMID 16832329.  Nedostaje ili je prazan parametar |title= (pomoć)
  9. ^ Massart, Francesco; Seppia, Patrizia; Pardi, Daniela; Lucchesi, Sonia; Meossi, Cristiano; Gagliardi, Luigi; Liguori, Roberto; Fiore, Lisa; Federico, Giovanni (2005). „High incidence of central precocious puberty in a bounded geographic area of northwest Tuscany: An estrogen disrupter epidemic?”. Gynecological Endocrinology. 20 (2): 92—98. ISSN 0951-3590. doi:10.1080/09513590400021060. 
  10. ^ Van Leeuwen, C.J., Risk Assessment of Chemicals: An Introduction, Second Edition, Dordrecht: Springer, 2007.
  11. ^ Carlsen E, Giwercman A, Keiding N, Skakkebaek NE. Evidence for decreasing quality of semen during past 50 years. BMJ. 1992 Sep 12;305(6854):609–613. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
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  13. ^ „Ksenoestrogeni - opasnite himikali okolo nas”. Pristupljeno 19. 1. 2021. 
  14. ^ Aksglaede L, Juul A, Leffers H, Skakkebaek NE, Andersson AM (2006). "The sensitivity of the child to sex steroids: possible impact of exogenous estrogens". Hum. Reprod. Update. 12 (4): 341–9.
  15. ^ Aravindakshan J, Gregory M, Marcogliese DJ, Fournier M, Cyr DG (September 2004). "Consumption of xenoestrogen-contaminated fish during lactation alters adult male reproductive function". Toxicol. Sci. 81 (1): 179–89
  16. ^ Sharpe RM, Maddocks S, Millar M, Kerr JB, Saunders PT, McKinnell C. Testosterone and spermatogenesis. Identification of stage-specific, androgen-regulated proteins secreted by adult rat seminiferous tubules. J Androl. 1992 Mar-Apr;13(2):172–184.
  17. ^ Johnson L, Petty CS, Neaves WB. A new approach to quantification of spermatogenesis and its application to germinal cell attrition during human spermiogenesis. Biol Reprod. 1981 Aug;25(1):217–226.
  18. ^ Luconi M, Bonaccorsi L, Forti G, Baldi E (June 2001). "Effects of estrogenic compounds on human spermatozoa: evidence for interaction with a nongenomic receptor for estrogen on human sperm membrane". Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 178 (1–2): 39–45.
  19. ^ Auger J, Kunstmann JM, Czyglik F, Jouannet P. Decline in semen quality among fertile men in Paris during the past 20 years. N Engl J Med. 1995 Feb 2;332(5):281–285
  20. ^ Orth JM, Gunsalus GL, Lamperti AA. Evidence from Sertoli cell-depleted rats indicates that spermatid number in adults depends on numbers of Sertoli cells produced during perinatal development. Endocrinology. 1988 Mar;122(3):787–794.
  21. ^ Rrvine DS. Falling sperm quality. BMJ. 1994 Aug 13;309(6952):476–476.
  22. ^ Rozati, Roya; Reddy, P.P; Reddanna, P.; Mujtaba, Rubina (2002). „Role of environmental estrogens in the deterioration of male factor fertility”. Fertility and Sterility. 78 (6): 1187—1194. PMID 12477510. doi:10.1016/S0015-0282(02)04389-3. 
  23. ^ Dallinga JW, Moonen EJ, Dumoulin JC, Evers JL, Geraedts JP, Kleinjans JC (August 2002). "Decreased human semen quality and organochlorine compounds in blood". Hum. Reprod. 17 (8): 1973–9.
  24. ^ Bromwich P, Cohen J, Stewart I, Walker A. Decline in sperm counts: an artefact of changed reference range of "normal"? BMJ. 1994 Jul 2;309(6946):19–22.
  25. ^ Sharpe RM, Skakkebaek NE. Are oestrogens involved in falling sperm counts and disorders of the male reproductive tract? Lancet. 1993 May 29;341(8857):1392–1395
  26. ^ Cooke PS, Porcelli J, Hess RA. Induction of increased testis growth and sperm production in adult rats by neonatal administration of the goitrogen propylthiouracil (PTU): the critical period. Biol Reprod. 1992 Jan;46(1):146–154.
  27. ^ Aravindakshan J, Paquet V, Gregory M, Dufresne J, Fournier M, Marcogliese DJ, Cyr DG (March 2004). "Consequences of xenoestrogen exposure on male reproductive function in spottail shiners (Notropis hudsonius)". Toxicol. Sci. 78 (1): 156–65.
  28. ^ Krishnan AV, Stathis P, Permuth SF, Tokes L, Feldman D. Bisphenol-A: an estrogenic substance is released from polycarbonate flasks during autoclaving. Endocrinology. 1993 Jun;132(6):2279–2286
  29. ^ Mayer FL, Stalling DL, Johnson JL. Phthalate esters as environmental contaminants. Nature. 1972 Aug 18;238(5364):411–413.
  30. ^ Infertility in the modern world: present and future prospects, Gillian R. Bentley, C. G. N. Mascie-Taylor, Cambridge University Press, pp. 99-100
  31. ^ Dostal LA, Chapin RE, Stefanski SA, Harris MW, Schwetz BA. Testicular toxicity and reduced Sertoli cell numbers in neonatal rats by di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and the recovery of fertility as adults. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1988 Aug;95(1):104–121.
  32. ^ Partsch CJ, Sippell WG (2001). "Pathogenesis and epidemiology of precocious puberty. Effects of exogenous oestrogens". Hum. Reprod. Update. 7 (3): 292–302.
  33. ^ Soto AM, Chung KL, Sonnenschein C. The pesticides endosulfan, toxaphene, and dieldrin have estrogenic effects on human estrogen-sensitive cells. Environ Health Perspect. 1994 Apr;102(4):380–383.
  34. ^ „Pair call for public discourse on treating wastewater contaminated with birth control pill chemicals”. phys.org (na jeziku: engleski). Pristupljeno 2021-01-19. 
  35. ^ Soto AM, Justicia H, Wray JW, Sonnenschein C. p-Nonyl-phenol: an estrogenic xenobiotic released from "modified" polystyrene. Environ Health Perspect. 1991 May;92:167–173
  36. ^ „Hemija BHA i BHT konzervansi hrane”. sr.eferrit.com. Pristupljeno 2021-01-19. 
  37. ^ vom Saal FS, Cooke PS, Buchanan DL, Palanza P, Thayer KA, Nagel SC, Parmigiani S, Welshons WV (1998). "A physiologically based approach to the study of bisphenol A and other estrogenic chemicals on the size of reproductive organs, daily sperm production, and behavior". Toxicol Ind Health. 14 (1–2): 239–60
  38. ^ Fiege, Helmut; Heinz-Werner Voges, Toshikazu Hamamoto, Sumio Umemura, Tadao Iwata, Hisaya Miki, Yasuhiro Fujita, Hans-Josef Buysch, Dorothea Garbe, Wilfried Paulus (2002). Phenol Derivatives. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH
  39. ^ „DDT: The fallen angel” (PDF). 3. 9. 2006. Arhivirano iz originala 03. 09. 2006. g. Pristupljeno 19. 1. 2021. 
  40. ^ „Metaloestrogeni, Aluminij, kancerogeni metal koji jedemo, ubrizgavamo i nosimo na sebi – kako se zaštititi?”. Matrix World (na jeziku: hrvatski). Arhivirano iz originala 27. 07. 2021. g. Pristupljeno 19. 1. 2021. 
  41. ^ „Ban of Endosulfan”. pib.gov.in. Pristupljeno 2021-01-19. 
  42. ^ Golden, Robert; Gandy, Jay; Vollmer, Guenter. A Review of the Endocrine Activity of Parabens and Implications for Potential Risks to Human Health. Critical Reviews in Toxicology (2005), 35(5), 435-458.
  43. ^ Marković, D., Đarmati, Š., Gržetić, I., Veselinović, D., Izvori zagađivanja posledice i zaštita, Fakultet za fizičku hemiju, Beograd, 1996.

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