Londonski most
Londonski most (engl. London Bridge) je naziv za više mostova koji su u istoriji povezivali severnu i južnu obalu reke Temze. Današnji Londonski most je otvoren za saobraćaj 1973. godine, zamenivši stari kameni most iz 19. veka.
| Londonski most | |
|---|---|
 Pogled sa užne obale Temze | |
| Mesto | London Velika Britanija |
| Karakteristike | |
| Dužina | 269 |
| Širina | 32 |
| Visina | 200 |
Moderni most je u vlasništvu i održava ga zadužbina Bridž Haus Estejts,[1][2] nezavisna dobrotvorna organizacija srednjovekovnog porekla koju nadgleda Korporacija grada Londona.[3][4][5] Preko njega vodi put A3, koji održava Uprava Velikog Londona.[6] Ovaj prelaz takođe ocrtava oblast duž južne obale reke Temze, između Londonskog mosta i Tauerbridža,[7][8][9] koja je određena kao okrug za unapređenje poslovanja.[10]
Istorija uredi
Postoje određeni dokazi da je ovde postojao most još u rimskom dobu, ali da je on bio pontonskog tipa. Nakon povlačenja Rimljana dugo nije bilo nikakvog mosta. Štaviše, nije bilo ni potrebe za njim, jer je Temza često bila linija razgraničenja između teritorija.
Srednjovekovni Londonski most uredi
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Ovaj most se često naziva i stari Londonski most. Radovi na izgradnji započeti su 1176. godine i trebalo je punih 33 godine da bude završen. Most je bio širine 8 m i dužine oko 270 m. Do 1358. godine most je bio pretrpan sa 138 prodavnica i bio je svojevrstan centar dešavanja u Londonu. Postoje i zapisi da je broj objekata na mostu narastao na 200, od kojih su neki dostizali i po sedam spratova. Ovi objekti kao i mnogo ljudi koji su se ovde okupljali često su bili uzročnici velikih požara. To je pokrenulo inicijativu za traženjem novih rešenja.
Londonski most 19. veka uredi
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Već krajem 18. veka bilo je izvesno da se postojeći most mora zameniti novijim. Bio je gotovo 600 godina star i blokirao je saobraćaj uzvodno od mosta. Radovi su započeti 30 metara zapadno od postojećeg mosta 1824. godine. Most je završen 1831. godine kada je i stari most bio porušen. Novi most je bio 283 metara dug i 15 metara širok. Ubrzo je postao najprometniji tačka u Londonu sa 8.000 pešaka i 900 vozila na sat.
Nakon 130 godina započeli su planovi na izgradnji novog mosta sa jednim lukom. Gradska vlada došla je do ideje da postojeći most proda. To joj je uspelo za rukom i prodat je Amerikancu Robertu Mak Kulohu. On je kao poznati biznismen u bogataš usred pustinje u Arizoni zakupio zemlju na kojoj je u izgradio manji gradić. Most mu je poslužio kao odlična reklama kao i atrakcija koju će turisti želeti da posete.[11] Nakon izgradnje novog mosta ovaj most je kompletno demontiran i prebačen u Arizonu 8.500 km dalje. I danas se nalazi preko reke Kolorado i u funkciji je u gradu Lejk Havas Sitiju.[12]
Moderni Londonski most uredi
Radovi na sadašnjem Londonskom mostu su trajali od 1967. do 1972 godine. Most je otvorila Kraljica Elizabeta , 17. marta 1973. godine. Most je sagrađen na lokaciji prethodnog mosta, s tim što su se pojedini delovi prethodnog srušili kako bi omogućili prohodnost novoizgrađenom. Novoizgrađeni most je napravljen tako da se može lako proširiti u slučaju prevelike gužve koja je istorijski rasla.
Galerija uredi
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Reference uredi
- ^ „About Us”. City Bridge Trust. Arhivirano iz originala 2011-09-27. g. Pristupljeno 2011-08-24.
- ^ Rogers, Simon; Quinn, Ben (1. 11. 2011). „City of London spending and income: where does the money come from, and where does it go?”. the Guardian. Pristupljeno 5. 11. 2017.
- ^ The body was popularly known as the Corporation of London but on 10 November 2005 the Corporation announced Arhivirano 23 maj 2006 na sajtu Wayback Machine that its informal title would from 3 January 2006 be the City of London (or the City of London Corporation where the corporate body needed to be distinguished from the geographical area). This may reduce confusion between the Corporation and the Greater London Authority.
- ^ „History and Heritage”. City of London website. Arhivirano iz originala 18. 5. 2013. g. Pristupljeno 13. 1. 2013.
- ^ „Magna Carta (1297)”. www.legislation.gov.uk. Arhivirano iz originala 28. 4. 2020. g. Pristupljeno 12. 4. 2020.
- ^ „Statutory Instrument 2000 No. 1117 – The GLA Roads Designation Order 2000”. Government of the United Kingdom. Pristupljeno 2. 5. 2011.
- ^ Portman, Derek (2004). „Henry Marc Brunel: Civil Engineer”. Construction History. 20: 71—83. JSTOR 41613878.
- ^ „Tower Bridge restored to true colours | Tower Bridge”. www.thetowerbridge.info. Pristupljeno 8. 2. 2017.
- ^ „Finishing touches to Tower Bridge | Tower Bridge”. www.thetowerbridge.info. Pristupljeno 8. 2. 2017.
- ^ „About us”. TeamLondonBridge. Arhivirano iz originala 8. 12. 2008. g. Pristupljeno 21. 11. 2008.
- ^ „How London Bridge was sold to the States”. 27. 01. 2014. Arhivirano iz originala 16. 01. 2012. g. Pristupljeno 01. 07. 2019.
- ^ Preseljen slavni londonski most rastavljen kamen po kamen Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (28. децембар 2013) Приступљено 27.01.2014.
Литература uredi
- Gerhold, Dorian, London Bridge and its Houses, c.1209-1761, London Topographical Society, 2019, ISBN 978-17-89257-51-9; 2nd edition, Oxbow Books, 2021, ISBN 1-789257-51-4.
- Home, Gordon, Old London Bridge, John Lane the Bodley Head Limited, 1931.
- Jackson, Peter, London Bridge – A Visual History, Historical Publications, revised edition, 2002, ISBN 0-948667-82-6.
- Murray, Peter & Stevens, Mary Anne, Living Bridges – The inhabited bridge, past, present and future, Royal Academy of Arts, London, 1996, ISBN 3-7913-1734-2.
- Pierce, Patricia, Old London Bridge – The Story of the Longest Inhabited Bridge in Europe, Headline Books, 2001, ISBN 0-7472-3493-0.
- Watson, Bruce, Brigham, Trevor and Dyson, Tony, London Bridge: 2000 years of a river crossing, Museum of London Archaeology Service, ISBN 1-901992-18-7.
- Yee, Albert, London Bridge – Progress Drawings, no publisher, 1974, ISBN 978-0-904742-04-6.
- „The Civic Courts of the City of London”. London Metropolitan Archives. str. 2. Pristupljeno 21. 10. 2020.
- Lambert, Matthew (2010). „Emerging First Amendment Issues. Beyond Corporate Speech: Corporate Powers in a Federalist System” (PDF). Rutgers Law Record. 37 (Spring): 24. Arhivirano (PDF) iz originala 13. 7. 2011. g. Pristupljeno 1. 8. 2010.
- „Development of local government”. Government of the United Kingdom. Arhivirano iz originala 3. 12. 2011. g. Pristupljeno 30. 10. 2011.
- „The Corporation of London, its rights and privileges”. Wattpad.com. 6. 1. 2007. Pristupljeno 30. 10. 2011.
- „Corporation of London: Administrative history”. The National Archives. Arhivirano iz originala 16. 10. 2012. g. Pristupljeno 1. 8. 2010.
- „History of the Government of the City of London”. Arhivirano iz originala 15. 8. 2013. g. Pristupljeno 1. 8. 2010.
- Sharpe, Reginald R., ur. (1899). Introduction. Calendar of letter-books of the City of London: A: 1275–1298. British History Online. Arhivirano iz originala 8. 2. 2013. g. Pristupljeno 28. 5. 2013.
- „Statute of William and Mary, confirming the Privileges of the Corporation”. A New History of London Including Westminster and Southwark. London: R. Baldwin. 1773. str. 860—863. Arhivirano iz originala 25. 10. 2012. g. — preko British History Online.
- „Information Leaflet Number 13” (PDF). London Metropolitan Archives. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 4. 1. 2012. g.
- Winchester, Clarence, ur. (1938). „Building the Tower Bridge”. Wonders of World Engineering. London: Amalgamated Press. str. 575—580. Describes the construction of Tower Bridge
- Bamber, Judith, ur. (1998). Europe. Rough Guides. ISBN 978-1-858-28348-7.
- Bracken, G. Byrne (2011). Walking Tour London: Sketches of the city's architectural treasures... Journey Through London's Urban Landscapes. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-9-814-43536-9.
- Cohen, Robert D. (2014). The History and Science of Elevation. Troubador Publishing. ISBN 978-1-783-06325-3.
- Frommer, Pauline; Cochran, Jason (2007). Pauline Frommer's London. Frommer's. ISBN 978-0-470-05228-0.
- Jepson, Tim; Porges, Larry (2014). London Book of Lists. The City's Best, Worst, Oldest, Greatest, and Quirkiest. National Geographic Society. ISBN 9781426213823.
- Jones, Nigel R. (2005). Architecture of England, Scotland, and Wales. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-31850-4.
- Langmead, Donald; Garnaut, Christine (2001). Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats
. ABC-Clio. ISBN 978-1-576-07112-0. - Milne, Gustav (2020). The Thames at War: Saving London From the Blitz. Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1-526-7-6805-6.
- Peacock, Chris (2011). „Tower Bridge, London”. 10 Amazing Bridges. Andrews UK Limited. str. 24—26. ISBN 978-1-849-89386-2.
- Roberts, Christ (2005). Cross River Traffic: A History of London's Bridges. Granta Books. ISBN 978-1-862-07800-0.
- Robins, Chris (2017). The Ships That Came to the Pool of London: From the Roman Galley to HMS Belfast. Amberley Publishing. ISBN 978-1-445-66462-0.
- Shaw, Michael (1986). No.1 Squadron. Ian Allan. str. 157.
- Smith, Denis (2001). Civil Engineering Heritage: London and the Thames Valley. Thomas Telford. ISBN 0-7277-2876-8.
- Smith, Hubert Shirley (1953). The World's Great Bridges. Phoenix House. str. 153.
- Spencer-Silver, Patricia; Stephens, John Hall (2005). Tower Bridge to Babylon: The Life and Work of Sir John Jackson, Civil Engineer. Six Martlets Publishing for the Newcomen Society. ISBN 978-0-954-48561-0.
- Stewart, Oliver (1964). Of Flight and Flyers – An Aerospace Anthology. Newnes. str. 40.
- Wade, John (2016). The Ingenious Victorians: Weird and Wonderful Ideas from the Age of Innovation. Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1-473-84902-0.
- Weinreb, Ben; Hibbert, Christopher; Keay, John; Keay, Julia (2008). The London Encyclopaedia (3rd izd.). Pan Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-405-04924-5.
- Welch, Charles; Barry, John Wolfe; Benham, William (1894). History of the Tower Bridge and of Other Bridges Over the Thames Built by the Corporation of London: Including an Account of the Bridge House Trust from the Twelfth Century. Smith, Elder and Company.
- „Tower Bridge”. Archive – the Quarterly Journal for British Industrial and Transport History. Lightmoor Press (3). 1994. ISSN 1352-7991.
- Cruickshank, Dan (2. 11. 2002). „Tower Bridge”. Britain's Best Buildings. Sezona 1. Epizoda 1. BBC.
- Bell, Rob (13. 1. 2021). „Tower Bridge: Gateway to London”. London's Greatest Bridges. Sezona 1. Epizoda 2. Channel 5.
Spoljašnje veze uredi
- Londonski most kroz istoriju
- The London Bridge Museum and Educational Trust
- Views of Old London Bridge ca. 1440, BBC London
- Southwark Council page with more info about the bridge
- Virtual reality tour of Old London Bridge
- Old London Bridge, Mechanics Magazine No. 318, September 1829
- The London Bridge Experience
- The bridge that crossed an ocean (And the man who moved it) BBC News, 23 September 2018