Nacionalna fudbalska liga
лига америчког фудбала у САД (1920)
Nacionalna fudbalska liga (NFL; engl. National Football League (NFL)) je najveća profesionalna liga američkog fudbala. Formirana je 1920. godine, a pod današnjim imenom je poznata od 1922.[4] Spajanjem sa Američkom fudbalskom ligom tokom 1960-ih, doživela je najveću popularnost. U ligi trenutno nastupa 32 tima podeljenih u dve konferencije — AFC (Američka fudbalska konferencija) i NFC (Nacionalna fudbalska konferencija). Svaka konferencija je podeljena na četiri divizije u kojima nastupa po četiri tima. Divizije su sledeće: Istok, Zapad, Sever, Jug i ne predstavljaju geografsko prostiranje, već je raspored zasnovan na rivalstvima. Aktuelni šampioni za sezonu 2022. i osvajači 57. Superboula su Kanzas Siti čifsi.
 | |
| Sport | Američki fudbal |
|---|---|
| Osnovana | 17. septembar 1920. god. |
| Broj timova | 32. |
| Država |  SAD[1] |
| Najviše titula | Grin Bej pakersi (13)[2][3] |
| Trenutni prvak | Kanzas Siti čifsi (5) |
| Veb-sajt | www |
NFL je osnovan 1920. godine kao Američka profesionalna fudbalska asocijacija (engl. American Professional Football Association, APFA) pre nego što je preimenovan u Nacionalnu fudbalsku ligu za sezonu 1922. Nakon što su se prvobitno određivali šampioni poretkom na kraju sezone, 1933. godine je primenjen sistem plejofa koji je kulminirao NFL prvenstvenom igrom do 1966. godine. Nakon dogovora o spajanju NFL-a sa rivalskom Ligom američkog fudbala (AFL), Superboul je prvi put održan 1967. godine da bi se odredio šampion između najboljih timova iz dve lige i zadržao je kao poslednja utakmica svake NFL sezone od završetka spajanja 1970.[5] Danas NFL ima najveću prosečnu posećenost (67.591) u bilo kojoj profesionalnoj sportskoj ligi na svetu[6] i najpopularnija je sportska liga u Sjedinjenim Državama.[7] Superboul je takođe jedan od najvećih sportskih događaja klubova na svetu,[8] jer pojedinačne igre čine mnoge od najgledanijih televizijskih programa u američkoj istoriji, a one su zauzimale Nilsenovih 5 najboljih emitovanja po gledanosti SAD televizijska programa u svetu do 2015.[9] NFL je najbogatija profesionalna sportska liga po prihodu,[10] i sportska liga sa najvrednijim timovima.[11]
Vidi još uredi
Reference uredi
- ^ All teams are based in the United States, but several preseason and regular season games have been held internationally.
- ^ „NFL Champions 1920–2018 – Football History”. ProFootballHOF.com. NFL Enterprises. Pristupljeno 4. 2. 2020.
- ^ „All-Time Team Records” (PDF). 2019 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book. NFL Enterprises. Pristupljeno 27. 7. 2020.
- ^ Jozsa, Frank P. (2004). Sports Capitalism: The Foreign Business of American Professional Leagues. Ashgate Publishing. str. 270. ISBN 978-0-7546-4185-8. „Since 1922, [the NFL] has been the top professional sports league in the world with respect to American football”
- ^ Gulizia, Anthony; Willis, Jeremy (14. 8. 2019). „How the NFL took over America in 100 years”. ESPN.com. Pristupljeno 25. 1. 2020.
- ^ „NFL is world's best attended pro sports league”. ABS-CBN News. Agence France-Presse. 6. 1. 2013. Arhivirano iz originala 6. 10. 2013. g. Pristupljeno 30. 1. 2013.
- ^ „Pro Football is Still America's Favorite Sport”. Harris Interactive. 26. 1. 2016. Arhivirano iz originala 29. 1. 2016. g. Pristupljeno 11. 6. 2016.
- ^ Harris, Nick (31. 1. 2010). „Elite clubs on Uefa gravy train as Super Bowl knocked off perch”. The Independent. London. Arhivirano iz originala 19. 11. 2012. g. Pristupljeno 28. 11. 2012.
- ^ „Super Bowl XLV Most Viewed Telecast in U.S. Broadcast History”. Nielsen Company. 7. 2. 2011. Arhivirano iz originala 8. 2. 2011. g. Pristupljeno 17. 2. 2013.
- ^ Garcia, Ahiza (29. 4. 2018). „Premier League revenues hit record high $6.4 billion”. CNNMoney. Pristupljeno 28. 5. 2020.
- ^ Badenhausen, Kurt (22. 7. 2019). „The World's 50 Most Valuable Sports Teams 2019”. Forbes. Pristupljeno 17. 1. 2020.
Literatura uredi
- „Constitution and Bylaws of the National Football League” (PDF). 2006. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 7. 3. 2014. g. Pristupljeno 2. 2. 2013.
- Zimmer, John; Marini, Matt, ur. (2013). Official 2013 National Football League Record & Fact Book (PDF). New York: National Football League. ISBN 978-1-603-20980-9. Arhivirano iz originala
(PDF) 11. 10. 2013. g. Pristupljeno 11. 10. 2013. - „2013 Official Playing Rules of the National Football League” (PDF). National Football League. 2013. Arhivirano (PDF) iz originala 21. 10. 2013. g. Pristupljeno 26. 3. 2014.
- „2011–20 NFL/NFLPA Collective Bargaining Agreement” (PDF). National Football League. 4. 8. 2011. Arhivirano (PDF) iz originala 19. 3. 2014. g. Pristupljeno 26. 3. 2014.
- Algeo, Matthew (2006), Last Team Standing. Philadelphia:Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-81472-3
- Coenen, Craig R. (2005). From Sandlots to the Super Bowl: The National Football League, 1920–1967. Knoxville, Tennessee: The University of Tennessee Press.
- Lyons, Robert S. (2010). On Any Given Sunday, A Life of Bert Bell. Philadelphia:Temple University Press. ISBN 978-1-59213-731-2
- Peterson, Robert W. (1997). Pigskin New York:Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-507607-9
- Williams, Pete (2006). The Draft: A Year Inside the NFL's Search for Talent. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-35438-1
- Willis, Chris (2010). The Man Who Built the National Football League: Joe F. Carr. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, Inc. ISBN 978-0-8108-7669-9
- Bennett, Tom (1976). The Pro Style: The Complete Guide to Understanding National Football League Strategy. Los Angeles: National Football League Properties, Inc., Creative Services Division.
- Bernstein, Mark F. (2001). Football: The Ivy League Origins of an American Obsession. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-3627-0.
- Dyreson, Mark; Mangan, J. A.; Park, Roberta J., ur. (2013). Mapping an Empire of American Sport: Expansion, Assimilation, Adaptation and Resistance. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-98035-3. (Unpaginated version consulted online via Google Books.)
- Fleisher, Arthur A.; Goff, Brian L.; Tollison, Robert D. (1992). The National Collegiate Athletic Association: A Study in Cartel Behavior. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-25326-0.
- Foster, George; O'Reilly, Norman; Dávila, Antonio (2016). Sports Business Management: Decision Making Around the Globe. New York City: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-41930-3.
- Gardner, Paul (1996). The Simplest Game: The Intelligent Fan's Guide to the World of Soccer. Macmillan General Reference. ISBN 0-02-043225-9.
- Greenberg, Murray (2008). Passing Game: Benny Friedman and the Transformation of Football . New York: PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-477-4.
- MacCambridge, Michael (Ed.) (1999). ESPN SportsCentury. New York: Hyperion Books. ISBN 0-7868-6471-0.
- Markovits, Andrei S.; Rensmann, Lars (2010). Gaming the World: How Sports Are Reshaping Global Politics and Culture. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-3466-2.
- McDonough, Will (1994). 75 Seasons: The Complete Story of the National Football League. Atlanta: Turner Publishing, Inc. ISBN 1-57036-056-1.
- Migdol, Gary (1997). Stanford: Home of Champions. Champaign, Illinois: Sports Publishing LLC. ISBN 1-57167-116-1.
- Miller, Jeffrey J. (2015). Pop Warner: A Life on the Gridiron. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-1-4766-2274-3.
- Nelson, David M. (1994). The Anatomy of A Game. Newark, New Jersey: University of Delaware Press. ISBN 0-87413-455-2.
- Peretz, Howard (1999). It Ain't Over 'Til The Fat Lady Sings: The 100 Greatest Sports Finishes of All Time. New York: Barnes and Noble Books. ISBN 0-7607-1707-9.
- Perkins, Brett (2009). Frantic Francis: How One Coach's Madness Changed Football. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-1894-9.
- Pettegrew, John (2007). Brutes in Suits: Male Sensibility in America, 1890–1920. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8603-4.
- Quirk, James P.; Fort, Rodney D. (1997). Pay Dirt: The Business of Professional Team Sports. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-01574-3.
- Ryczek, William J. (2014). Connecticut Gridiron: Football Minor Leaguers of the 1960s and 1970s. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-7833-0.
- Schmidt, Raymond (2007). Shaping College Football: The Transformation of an American Sport, 1919–1930. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-0-8156-0886-8.
- Umphlett, Wiley Lee (1992). Creating the Big Game: John Heisman and the Invention of American Football. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-313-28404-0.
- Vancil, Mark (Ed.) (2000). ABC Sports College Football All-Time All-America Team. New York: Hyperion Books. ISBN 0-7868-6710-8.
- Wagg, Stephen (Ed) (2011). Myths and Milestones in the History of Sport. London: Springer Publishing. ISBN 978-1-349-31693-9.
- Balthaser, Joel D. (2004). Images of America: Pop Warner Little Scholars. Arcadia Publishing SC. ISBN 0-7385-3505-2.
- Bissinger, H. G. (2004). Friday Night Lights: A Town, a Team, and a Dream. Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-81374-2.
- Davis, Parke H. (2010). Football, the American intercollegiate game. Nabu Press. ISBN 978-1-171-91212-5.
- Fox, Stephen (1998). Big Leagues: Professional Baseball, Football, and Basketball in National Memory. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-688-09300-0.
- MacCambridge, Michael (Ed.) (2005). ESPN College Football Encyclopedia: The Complete History of the Game. New York: Hyperion Books. ISBN 1-4013-3703-1.
- Perrin, Tom (1987). Football: A College History. McFarland & Co Inc. ISBN 0-89950-294-6.
- Smith, Ronald A. (1988). Sports and Freedom: The Rise of Big-Time College Athletics . Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-506582-4.
- Watterson, John Sayle (2000). College Football: History, Spectacle, Controversy . Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-6428-3.
- Whittingham, Richard (2003). Sunday's Heroes. Chicago: Triumph Books. ISBN 1-57243-517-8.
Spoljašnje veze uredi
- Zvanična prezentacija NFL-a
- Pro Football Reference – historical stats of teams, players and coaches in the NFL
- Jared Dubin (April 28, 2015), "NFL ends tax exempt status after 73 years: 3 things to know", CBS Sports
- Football Almanac Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (16. februar 2009)
- Professional Football Researchers Association
- National Football Foundation
- College Football Hall of Fame
- Pro Football Hall of Fame