Na-dene jezici (poznati i kao tlingit-ejak-atabaskanski jezici) su jezička porodica zastupljena na zapadu Kanade, kao i u delovima SAD (unutrašnja Aljaska, Novi Meksiko i delovi Kalifornije), a koja obuhvata tlingit, ejak i atabaskanske jezike. Neki lingvisti u ovu porodicu ubrajaju i hajdu (međutim, ovaj jezik se danas uglavnom računa kao jezički izolat).

Na-dene jezici
Athabaskan–Eyak–Tlingit
Geografska rasprostranjenostSeverna Amerika
Jezička klasifikacijaDene–jenisejski
  • Na-dene jezici
PrajezikProto-Na-Dene
Podpodela
ISO 639-5xnd
Glotologatha1245[1]
{{{mapalt}}}
Rasprostranjenost na-dene jezika

U februaru 2008. objavljen je predlog koji povezuje na-dene (isključujući hajdu) sa jenisejskim jezicima centralnog Sibira u denesko-jenisejsku porodicu[2][3][4] koji je dobro prihvaćen od strane brojnih lingvista.[5] U radu iz 2014. godine je predloženo da nadenski jezici Severne Amerike i jenisejski jezici Sibira imaju zajedničko poreklo u jeziku koji se govori u Beringiji, između dva kontinenta.[6]

Ime uredi

Edvard Sapir je konstruisao termin „na-dene“ koji se u to vreme odnosio na tlingit i atabaskanske jezike (u to vreme se nije znalo za ejak), a i hajda je bila uključena. Termin je sklopljen od reči „dene“, koja u atabaskanskim jezicima znači „čovek/ljudi“; element „ne“ predstavlja staru osnovu reči „osoba“, a u srodstvu je sa rečju „na“ iz hajde (živeti) i rečju „na“ iz tlingita (ljudi). Dakle, ovaj termin označava govornike ovih jezika.

Podela uredi

  • Tlingit
  • Ejak-atabaskanski
    • Ejak
    • Atabaskanski jezici
      • Severni
      • Pacifički
      • Južni

Lingvisti koji računaju hajdu kao deo ove porodice svrstavaju je kao zasebnu granu. Atabaskanski jezici govore se u velikom delu Kanade, delovima Oregona i Kalifornije, kao i na jugozapadu SAD, kao i u delovima severnog Meksika. Južni atabaskanski jezici se zovu i apače jezici. U ovaj ogranak spadaju navaho i apački jezici. Ejak se govorio na jugu Aljaske; poslednji govornik ovog jezika umro je 2008. godine.

Tipologija uredi

Svi jezici ove porodice dele složene sisteme prefiksacije glagola. Svi na-dene jezici su sintetički (neki od njih se mogu smatrati i polisintetičkim jezicima)

U ovim jezicima zastupljen je veliki broj zadnjonepčanih i resičnih suglasnika.

Na-dene i dublje veze uredi

Na-dene jezici su uključeni u više teorija o vezama sa drugim jezičkim porodicama.

Dene-jenisejski jezici uredi

 
Dene-jenisejski jezici

Profesor Edvard Vajda je 2008. došao do zaključka da su Na-dene jezici genetski povezani sa jenisejskim jezicima[7][8][9] u centralnom Sibiru na osnovu paralela među glagolskim prefiksima,[10] kao i na osnovu sistematskih paralela između jenisejskih tonova i na-dene artikulacija suglasnika. Deo lingvista smatra da je ova teorija izgledna.

Ranije hipoteze uredi

Prema mišljenju lingviste Džozefa Grinberga, na-dene predstavlja jednu od tri jezičke porodice u severnoj Americi. Ostale dve su eskimsko-aleutska porodica i tzv. amerindijanska porodica, koja obuhvata sve američke jezike osim eskimsko-aleutskih i na-dene jezika. Treba reći da je amerindijanska porodica još uvek kontroverzna i da je većina lingvista ne prihvata.[11][12]

Mnogi lingvisti smatraju da na-dene porodica predstavlja zaseban talas migracija iz Azije u Ameriku, koji se dogodio pre 6 do 8 hiljada godina.[13][14][15][16][17]

Prema Sergeju Starostinu, na-dene jezici su genetski povezani sa jenisejskim, sino-tibetanskim i severnim kavkaskim jezicima, kao i sa baskijskim jezikom u tzv. dene-kavkasku porodicu.[18][19]

Reference uredi

  1. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, ur. (2016). „Athabaskan–Eyak–Tlingit”. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 
  2. ^ Vajda, Edward J. (2011). „A Response to Campbell”. International Journal of American Linguistics. 77 (3): 451—452. doi:10.1086/660978. 
  3. ^ „Pause Is Seen in a Continent's Peopling”. The New York Times. 13. 3. 2014. 
  4. ^ „Ancient Migration Patterns to North America Are Hidden in Languages Spoken Today”. Smithsonian Magazine. 
  5. ^ Dene–Yeniseic Symposium Arhivirano 2018-11-15 na sajtu Wayback Machine, University of Alaska Fairbanks, February 2008, accessed 30 Mar 2010
  6. ^ Mark A. Sicoli and Gary Holton, Linguistic Phylogenies Support Back-Migration from Beringia to Asia, PLoS ONE, March 12, 2014, accessed November 25, 2014.
  7. ^ Vajda, Edward. „Yeniseian and Dene Hydronyms” (PDF). Language Documentation & Conservation Special Publication. 17: 183—201. 
  8. ^ Georg, Stefan (januar 2003). „The Gradual Disappearance of a Eurasian Language Family”. Language Death and Language Maintenance: Theoretical, Practical and Descriptive Approaches. Current Issues in Linguistic Theory (na jeziku: engleski). 240: 89. ISBN 978-90-272-4752-0. doi:10.1075/cilt.240.07geo. 
  9. ^ Vovin, Alexander (2000). „Did the Xiong Nu Speak a Yeniseian Language?”. Central Asiatic Journal (na jeziku: engleski). 44 (1). 
  10. ^ See Vajda 2010
  11. ^ Wade, Nicholas (11. 7. 2012). „Earliest Americans arrived in 3 waves, not 1, DNA study finds”. New York Times. Pristupljeno 18. 3. 2018. 
  12. ^ „Center for the Study of the First Americans”. Anthropology. Texas A&M University. 2011-05-15. Arhivirano iz originala 2016-11-20. g. 
  13. ^ Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia; Blench, Roger; Ross, Malcolm D.; Peiros, Ilia; Lin, Marie (2008-07-25). Past Human Migrations in East Asia: Matching Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics. ISBN 9781134149629. 
  14. ^ Campbell, Lyle (1997). American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 286-288
  15. ^ Goddard, Ives (1996). "The Classification of the Native Languages of North America". In Ives Goddard, ed., "Languages". Vol. 17 of William Sturtevant, ed., Handbook of North American Indians. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. pg. 318
  16. ^ Trask, R. L. (2000). The Dictionary of Historical and Comparative Linguistics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pg. 85
  17. ^ Dalby, Andrew (1998). Dictionary of Languages. New York: Columbia University Press. pg. 434
  18. ^ Campbell, Lyle (1997). American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 
  19. ^ Caveney, Geoffrey (2014). „Sino-Tibetan ŋ- and Na-Dene *kw- / *gw- / *xw-: 1st Person Pronouns and Lexical Cognate Sets”. Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 42 (2): 461—487. JSTOR 24774894. 

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Spoljašnje veze uredi