Sindikalizam

Sindikalizam je revolucionarna struja unutar radničkog pokreta koja, kroz industrijski sindikalizam, nastoji da sindikalizira radnike prema industriji i štrajkovima unapredi njihove zahteve, sa konačnim ciljem da kroz društvenu svojinu stekne kontrolu nad sredstvima za proizvodnju i ekonomijom u celini. Razvijeni u francuskim radničkim sindikatima tokom kasnog 19. veka, sindikalistički pokreti su bili najdominantniji među socijalističkim pokretima tokom međuratnog perioda koji je prethodio izbijanju Drugog svetskog rata.

Demonstracija argentinskog sindikalističkog sindikata FORA 1915.

Glavne sindikalističke organizacije uključivale su Generalnu konfederaciju rada (CGT) u Francuskoj, Nacionalnu konfederaciju rada (CNT) u Španiji, Italijansku sindikalističku uniju (USI), Slobodni radnički sindikat Nemačke (FAUD) i argentinski regionalni radnički savez "Federacija" (FORA). Iako sebe nisu smatrali sindikalistima, Industrijski radnici sveta (IWW) u Sjedinjenim Državama, Irski sindikat transporta i generalnih radnika (ITGWU) i Kanadski "Jedan veliki sindikat" (JVS). Većina istoričara smatra da ove organizacije pripadaju ovoj struji.

Terminologija

Sindikalizam ima francusko poreklo. Na francuskom, syndicat je trgovačka unija, obično na lokalnom nivou. Odgovarajuće reči u španskom i portugalskom, sindicato, i italijanskom, sindacato, su slične. U širem smislu, francuski sindikalizam se odnosi na sindikalizam uopšte. Koncept syndicalisme révolutionnaire ili revolucionarni sindikalizam pojavio se u francuskim socijalističkim časopisima 1903, a Francuska Generalna konfederacija rada (Confédération générale du travail, CGT) je počela da koristi taj termin da opiše svoj brend sindikalnog društva. Revolucionarni sindikalizam, ili češće sindikalizam sa revolucionarnim impliciranim, sindikalisti su potom prilagodili brojnim jezicima po francuskom modelu.

Mnogi naučnici, uključujući Ralfa Darlingtona, Marsela van der Lindena i Vejna Torpa, primenjuju sindikalizam na brojne organizacije ili struje unutar radničkog pokreta koje se nisu identifikovale kao sindikalističke. Oni ovu etiketu primenjuju na velike sindikaliste ili industrijske unioniste u Severnoj Americi i Australiji, larkiniste (nazvane po irskom lideru ITGWU-a Džejmsu Larkinu) u Irskoj i grupe koje se identifikuju kao revolucionarni industrijalci, revolucionarni unionisti, anarhosindikalisti ili savetnici. Ovo uključuje Industrijske radnike sveta (IWW) u Sjedinjenim Državama, koji su tvrdili da je njihov industrijski sindikalizam „viša vrsta revolucionarne radničke organizacije od one koju su predlagali sindikalisti“. Van der Linden i Torp koriste sindikalizam da se odnose na „sve revolucionarne, direktno-akcionističke organizacije”. Darlington predlaže da se sindikalizam definiše kao „revolucionarni sindikalizam”. On i van der Linden tvrde da je opravdano grupisati tako širok spektar organizacija jer njihovi slični načini delovanja ili prakse nadmašuju njihove ideološke razlike.

Drugi, kao što su Lari Piterson i Erik Olsen, ne slažu se sa ovom širokom definicijom. Prema Olsenu, ovo shvatanje ima „sklonost da zamagli razlike između industrijskog sindikalizma, sindikalizma i revolucionarnog socijalizma“. Piterson daje restriktivniju definiciju sindikalizma na osnovu pet kriterijuma:

1. Prednost federalizmu nad centralizmom.
2. Opozicija političkim partijama.
3. Gledajući na generalni štrajk kao na vrhovno revolucionarno oružje.
4. Zalaganje za zamenu države „federalnom, ekonomskom organizacijom društva“.
5. Gleda na sindikate kao osnovne blokove postkapitalističkog društva.

Ova definicija isključuje IWW i Kanadski "Jedan veliki sindikat" (OBU), koji je nastojao da ujedini sve radnike u jednu opštu organizaciju. Piterson predlaže širu kategoriju revolucionarnog industrijskog sindikalizma da obuhvati sindikalizam, grupe poput IWW i OBU i druge.

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