Solomonov hram
Solomonov hram, poznat i kao Prvi hram, prema Bibliji bio je hram u Jerusalimu (hebr. בֵּית־הַמִּקְדָּשׁ:, Beit Ha-Miqdash) izgrađen za vrijeme kralja Solomona, a dovršen 957. godine p. n. [1]e. Hram je opljačkan, a zatim uništen tokom opsade Jerusalima 586/587. p. n. e. po naređenju vavilonskog cara Nabukodonosora II, koji je takođe naredio deportaciju svih Jevreja u Vavilon. Uništenje hrama i deportaciju smatrani su ispunjenjem proročanstva i ojačali su judejska religijska uvjerenja.[2]
Tanah (Stari zavjet) opisuje kako je Solomonov otac, David, veliki kralj ratnik ujedinio izraelitska plemena, zauzeo Jerusalim i donio u grad izraelski središnji artefakt, Zavjetni kovčeg.[3] David je izabrao goru Morijah u Jerusalima za mjestu budućeg hrama u kome će se nalaziti Kovčeg, danas poznatu kao Hramovna gora. Međutim, Bog mu nije dozvolio da gradi hram, jer je „prolio mnogo krvi”.[4] Umjesto njega, hram je sagradio njegov sin Solomon, poznato po tome što je bio ambiciozni graditelj javnih zdanja.[5] Smjestio je Kovčeg u Svetinju nad svetinjama, najdublju sobu bez prozora i najsvetiji dio Hrama.[6] U Svetinji nad svetinjama, počivalo je Božje prisustvo. Samo je prvosvešteniku bilo dozvoljeno da uđe u prostoriju, jednom godišnje na Dan pomirenja, noseći krv žrtvenog jagnjeta i paleći tamjan.[6]
Prema Bibliji, Hram nije služio samo kao religijskog zdanje, nego i kao mjesto okupljanja Izraelaca.[2] Jevrejima koji su deportovani nakon vavilonskog osvajanja na kraju je bilo dozvoljeno da se vrate i obnove hram — poznat kao Drugi hram. Ali u građevini više nije bilo Kovčega, jer je nestao.[7]
Naučnici sumnjaju u istinitost biblijskog izvještaja jer nije pronađen nijedan dokaz o postojanju Solomonovog hrama, a hram se ne pominje vanbiblijskim izvještajima.[8][9] Artefakti koji navodno dokazuju postojanje Solomonovog hrama — nar od slonovače i kamena ploča iz 9. vijek p. n. e. — ispostavilo se da su lažni. Mnogi naučnici vjeruju da se natpis na keramičkoj krhotini poznat kao Ostrakon 18, napisan oko 600. p. n. e. odnosi na Jerusalimski hram.[10] Ako je to slučaj, to bi bila jedina pronađena vanbiblijska potvrda postojanja Hrama.
Vidi još uredi
Reference uredi
- ^ Temple of Jerusalem: totally destroyed the building in 587/586
- ^ a b Temple of Jerusalem.
- ^ Pruitt 2014: King David later took the Ark to Jerusalem
- ^ Jonker 1990, str. 656.
- ^ Stefon 2020.
- ^ a b Britannica: Holy of Holies.
- ^ Lovett & Hoffman 2017.
- ^ Finkelstein & Silberman 2002, str. 128: Moreover, for all their reported wealth and power, neither David nor Solomon is mentioned in a single known Egyptian or Mesopotamian text. And the archaeological evidence in Jerusalem for the famous building projects of Solomon is nonexistent.
- ^ Lundquist 2008, str. 45: The single most important fact regarding the Temple of Solomon is that there are no physical remains of the structure. There is not a single object or artifact that can be indubitably connected with the Temple of Solomon
- ^ Dever 2001, str. 212: it may refer to the temple in Jerusalem; Boardman, Edwards & Sollberger 1992, str. 400: 'house of Yahweh', probably the Temple at Jerusalem; King & Stager 2001, str. 314
Literatura uredi
Knjige uredi
- De Vaux, Roland (1961). John McHugh, ur. Ancient Israel: Its Life and Institutions. NY: McGraw-Hill.
- Lundquist, John M. (2008). The Temple of Jerusalem: Past, Present, and Future. Greenwood Publishing Group. str. 45—. ISBN 978-0-275-98339-0.
- Dever, William G. (2005). Did God Have a Wife?: Archaeology and Folk Religion in Ancient Israel. Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-2852-1. Pristupljeno 7. 2. 2016.
- Dever, William G. (10. 5. 2001). What Did the Biblical Writers Know and When Did They Know It?: What Archeology Can Tell Us About the Reality of Ancient Israel. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8028-2126-3.
- King, Philip J.; Stager, Lawrence E. (1. 1. 2001). Life in Biblical Israel. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-22148-5.
- Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (6. 3. 2002). The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Sacred Texts. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-2338-6.
- Tetley, M. Christine (2005). The Reconstructed Chronology of the Divided Kingdom. Eisenbrauns. str. 105—. ISBN 978-1-57506-072-9.
- Kalimi, I. (2018). Writing and Rewriting the Story of Solomon in Ancient Israel. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-47126-8. Pristupljeno 7. 12. 2020.
- Mendels, D. (1987). The Land of Israel as a Political Concept in Hasmonean Literature: Recourse to History in Second Century B.C. Claims to the Holy Land. Texte und Studien zum antiken Judentum. J.C.B. Mohr. ISBN 978-3-16-145147-8. Pristupljeno 7. 12. 2020.
- Brand, Chad; Mitchell, Eric (novembar 2015). Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary. B&H Publishing Group. str. 622—. ISBN 978-0-8054-9935-3.
- Van Keulen, P. S. F. (2005). Two Versions Of The Solomon Narrative: An Inquiry Into The Relationship Between MT 1kgs. 2-11 And LXX 3 Reg. 2-11. BRILL. str. 183—. ISBN 90-04-13895-1.
- Alter, Robert (18. 12. 2018). The Hebrew Bible: A Translation with Commentary (Vol. Three-Volume Set). W. W. Norton. str. 1087—. ISBN 978-0-393-29250-3.
Članci iz časopisa uredi
- Garfinkel, Yosef; Mumcuoglu, Madeleine (2019). „The Temple of Solomon in Iron Age Context”. Religions. 10 (3): 198. ISSN 2077-1444. doi:10.3390/rel10030198
. - Schwarzer, Mitchell (1. 12. 2001). „The Architecture of Talmud”. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 60 (4): 474—487. ISSN 0037-9808. JSTOR 991731. doi:10.2307/991731. Pristupljeno 29. 11. 2020.
- Jonker, Louis (6. 1. 1990). „The Chronicler's portrayal of Solomon as the King of Peace within the context of the international peace discourses of the Persian era”. Old Testament Essays. 21 (3): 653—669. ISSN 1010-9919. Pristupljeno 29. 11. 2020.
Ostalo uredi
- Draper, Robert (decembar 2010). „Kings of Controversy”. National Geographic: 66—91. ISSN 0027-9358. Arhivirano iz originala 07. 02. 2018. g. Pristupljeno 18. 12. 2010.
- Finkelstein, Israel; Neil Asher Silberman (2006). David and Solomon: In Search of the Bible's Sacred Kings and the Roots of the Western Tradition
. Free Press. ISBN 978-0-7432-4362-9. - Finkelstein, Israel; Neil Asher Silberman (2001). The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision. Free Press.
- Glueck, Nelson (februar 1944). „On the Trail of King Solomon's Mines”. National Geographic. 85 (2): 233—56. ISSN 0027-9358.
- Goldman, Bernard (1966). The Sacred Portal: a primary symbol in ancient Judaic art. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. „It has a detailed account and treatment of Solomon's Temple and its significance.”
- Hamblin, William; David Seely (2007). Solomon's Temple: Myth and History. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-25133-1.
- Mazar, Benjamin (1975). The Mountain of the Lord. NY: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-04843-9.
- Young, Mike. „Temple Measurements and Photo recreations”. Arhivirano iz originala 07. 08. 2010. g. Pristupljeno 01. 01. 2021.
- Stefon, Matt (30. 4. 2020). „Solomon”. Encyclopedia Britannica. Pristupljeno 29. 11. 2020.
- „Holy of Holies”. Encyclopedia Britannica. Pristupljeno 29. 11. 2020.
- „Temple of Jerusalem”. Encyclopedia Britannica. 17. 9. 2020. Pristupljeno 29. 11. 2020.
- Pruitt, Sarah (10. 1. 2014). „Fate of the Lost Ark Revealed?”. HISTORY. Pristupljeno 29. 11. 2020.
- Lovett, Richard A.; Hoffman, Scot (21. 1. 2017). „Ark of the Covenant”. National Geographic. Pristupljeno 29. 11. 2020.
- Shabi, Rachel (20. 1. 2005). „Faking it”. the Guardian. Pristupljeno 29. 11. 2020.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Easton, Matthew George (1897). „Temple, Solomon's”. Easton's Bible Dictionary (New and revised izd.). T. Nelson and Sons.
Ovaj članak sadrži tekst iz publikacije koje je sada u javnom vlasništvu: „Temple of Solomon”. Jewish Encyclopedia. 1901—1906.
