Strejt edž
Strejt edž (ponekad skraćeno na engleskom jeziku sXe ili označeno sa XXX ili X) je subkultura hardkor panka čiji se pristalice uzdržavaju od upotrebe alkohola, duvana i drugih rekreativnih droga, kao reakcija na ekscese pank subkulture.[1][2][3] Za deo subkulture, ovo se proteže na uzdržavanje od promiskuitetnog seksa, na vegetarijansku ili vegansku ishranu i na neupotrebu kofeina ili lekova na recept.[2] Termin strejt edž je usvojen iz pesme Straight Edge hardkor pank benda Minor Threat iz 1981. godine.[4]
Strejt edž subkultura se pojavila usred hardkor pank scene ranih 1980-ih. Od tada, veliki broj verovanja i ideja je povezan sa pokretom, uključujući vegetarijanstvo i prava životinja.[5][6] Iako su najčešće izraženi aspekti strejt edž subkulture bili apstinencija od alkohola, nikotina i ilegalnih droga, bilo je značajnih varijacija. U okviru subkulture se ponekad zastupaju konzervativni pogledi na život. Levo orijentisani aktivisti su često pristupali strejt edžu sa skepticizmom, podsmehom ili čak otvorenim neprijateljstvom, delom zbog onoga što su doživljavali kao samopravednu militantnost pokreta za strejt edž.[7]
Godine 1999. Vilijam Cicos je napisao da je strjt edž prošao kroz tri ere od svog osnivanja ranih 1980-ih. Bent edž je počeo kao kontra-pokret strejt edžu od strane članova hardkor scene u Vašingtonu koji su bili frustrirani rigidnošću i netolerancijom na muzičkoj sceni.[8] Tokom ere jut krua koja je počela sredinom 1980-ih, uticaj muzike na strejt edž scenu bio je na vrhuncu s. Do ranih 1990-ih, militantni strjt edž je bio dobro poznat deo šire pank scene. Početkom do sredine 1990-ih, strejt edž se proširio iz Sjedinjenih Država u severnu Evropu,[9] istočnu Evropu,[10] Bliski istok,[11] i Južnu Ameriku.[12] Do početka 2000-ih, militantni strejt edž pankeri su uglavnom napustili širu strejt edž kulturu i pokret.[13]
Reference uredi
- ^ Haenfler, Ross (2015). „Straight Edge”. Ur.: Parmar, Priya; Nocella, II, Anthony J.; Robertson, Scott; Diaz, Martha. Rebel Music: Resistance through Hip Hop and Punk. Charlotte, North Carolina: Information Age Publishing. str. 137—138. ISBN 978-1-62396-910-3.
- ^ a b Sutherland, Sam (jul 2006). „The Complicated Contradictions of Straight Edge Punk”. Exclaim!. Pristupljeno 22. 2. 2010.
- ^ Krist, Josh (22. 8. 1996). „White Punks on Hope”. Phoenix New Times. Arhivirano iz originala 10. 8. 2011. g. Pristupljeno 22. 2. 2010.
- ^ Cogan 2008, str. 317
- ^ Wood 1999, str. 130–40
- ^ Wood 1999, str. 141–43
- ^ Kuhn 2010, str. 14
- ^ Andersen 2003, str. 125
- ^ Kuhn 2010, str. 121
- ^ Kuhn 2010, str. 132
- ^ Kuhn 2010, str. 112
- ^ Kuhn 2010, str. 66
- ^ Haenfler 2006b, str. 16–17
Literatura uredi
- Andersen, Mark; Jenkins, Mark (2003). Dance of Days: Two Decades of Punk in the Nation's Capital. Akashic Books. ISBN 1-888451-44-0.
- Azerrad, Michael (2001). Our Band Could Be Your Life: Scenes from the American Indie Underground, 1981–1991
. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0-316-78753-1. - Barlett, Thomas (2006). „Study Rock's Clean, Mean Movement”. Chronicle of Higher Education. 53 (6).
- Blush, Steven (2001). George Petros, ur. American Hardcore: A Tribal History (1st izd.). Feral House. ISBN 9780922915712.
- Blush, Steven (2010). George Petros, ur. American Hardcore: A Tribal History (2nd izd.). Feral House. ISBN 9781932595895.
- Cogan, Brian (2008). The Encyclopedia of Punk. New York: Sterling. ISBN 978-1-4027-5960-4.
- Davis, Erik (1995). „Hare Krishna Hard Core”. Spin. 11 (5): 69—73. Pristupljeno 22. 2. 2011.
- Goldfein, Josh (1989). „Straight and Narrow”. Spin. 5 (1): 18.
- Haenfler, Ross (8. 2004b). „Rethinking subcultural resistance”. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography. Sage. 33 (4): 406—436. S2CID 145602862. doi:10.1177/0891241603259809.
- Haenfler, Ross (2006b). Straight Edge: Hardcore Punk, Clean Living Youth, and Social Change. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-3851-3.
- Hannon, Sharon M. (2010). Punks: a guide to an American subculture. ABC-CLIO.
- Helton, Jesse J.; Staudenmeier, William J. (2002). „Re-imagining being 'straight' in straight edge”. Contemporary Drug Problems. 29 (2): 445. ISSN 0091-4509. S2CID 143410996. doi:10.1177/009145090202900209.
- Kuhn, Gabriel (2010). Sober Living for the Revolution: Hardcore Punk, Straight Edge, and Radical Politics. PM Press. ISBN 978-1-60486-051-1.
- Mullaney, Jamie (2007). „'Unity Admirable But Not Necessarily Heeded:' Going Rates and Gender Boundaries in the Straight Edge Hardcore Music Scene”. Gender & Society. 21 (3): 384—408. S2CID 143931809. doi:10.1177/0891243207299615.
- O'Hara, Craig (1999). The Philosophy of Punk: More Than Noise. AK Press. ISBN 1-873176-16-3.
- Tsitsos, William (1999). „Rules of Rebellion: Slamdancing, Moshing, and the American Alternative Scene”. Popular Music. 3 (18): 403. S2CID 159966036. doi:10.1017/s0261143000008941.
- Pieslak, Jonathan (2015). Radicalism and Music: An Introduction to the Music Cultures of al-Qa'ida, Racist Skinheads, Christian-Affiliated Radicals, and Eco-Animal Rights Militants. Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 9780819575852.
- Wood, Robert T. (1999). „Nailed to the X: A Lyrical History of Straightedge”. Journal of Youth Studies. 2 (2): 133—151. doi:10.1080/13676261.1999.10593032.
- Wood, Robert T. (2003). „The Straightedge Youth Sub-Culture: Complexities of Subculture Identity”. Journal of Youth Studies. 6 (1): 33—52. S2CID 145295766. doi:10.1080/1367626032000068154.
- Wood, Robert T. (2006). Straight Edge Youth: The Complexity and Contradictions of a Subculture. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. ISBN 0-8156-3127-8.
- Youth of Today (1988). We're Not In This Alone. New York: Caroline Records.
- Tsitos, William (2016). „An International Comparison of the Politics of Straight-Edge”. Music Sociology: Examining the Role of Music in Social Life. Routledge. str. 202—210. ISBN 978-161205-312-7.
Dodatna literatura uredi
- Haenfler, Ross (7. 2004a). „Manhood in contradiction: the two faces of straight edge”. Men and Masculinities. Sage. 7 (1): 77—99. S2CID 145364265. doi:10.1177/1097184X03257522.
- Haenfler, Ross (2006a). Straight edge: clean-living youth, hardcore punk, and social change. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 9780813539911.
- McPheeters, Sam; Stein, Dave; O'Toole, Jason; Baker, Brian (1987). „The Straight Edge Movement”. Buzz.
- Irwin, Darrell D. (proleće 1999). „The straight edge subculture: examining the youths' drug free way”. Journal of Drug Issues. Sage. 29 (2): 365—380. S2CID 148313381. doi:10.1177/002204269902900213.
- Williams, J. Patrick (april 2006). „Authentic identities: straightedge subculture, music, and the internet”. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography. Sage. 35 (2): 173—200. S2CID 16579409. doi:10.1177/0891241605285100.
- Williams, J. Patrick; Copes, Heith (februar 2005). „"How edge are you?" Constructing authentic identities and subcultural boundaries in a straightedge internet forum”. Symbolic Interaction. Wiley via JSTOR. 28 (1): 67—89. doi:10.1525/si.2005.28.1.67.
- Jones, Raymond McCrea (2007). Out of step: faces of straight edge. Philadelphia: Empire Press. ISBN 9780615158846.
- Smith, Gabriel (jun 2011). „White mutants of straight edge: the avant-garde of abstinence”. The Journal of Popular Culture. Wiley. 44 (3): 633—646. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5931.2011.00852.x.
- Mullaney, Jamie L. (decembar 2012). „All in time: age and the temporality of authenticity in the straight-edge music scene”. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography. Sage. 41 (6): 611—635. S2CID 144302088. doi:10.1177/0891241612462132.