Čičen Ica

Čičen Ica (šp. Chichén Itzá) je veliko arheološko nalazište na Jukatanu u Meksiku iz doba civilizacije Maja. UNESKO ga je proglasio svetskom baštinom, a 7. jula 2007. godine proglašen je za jedno od novih sedam svetskih čuda.

Čičen Ica
Svetska baština Uneska
Zvanično ime	Čičen Ica
Mesto	Čičen Iza, Jukatan, Meksiko
Koordinate	20° 40′ 59″ S; 88° 34′ 07″ Z
Kriterijum	kulturna: i, ii, iii
Upis	1998. (12. sednica)
Veb-sajt	http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/483

Od sredine klasičnog perioda, tj od oko 600. godine Čičen Ica je bila veliki grad, dostigavši svoj vrhunac, nakon što su već propali centri Maja u centralnim nizijama na jugu.

Čičen Ica je jedno od najposećenijih arheoloških lokacija u Meksiku sa preko 2,6 miliona turista 2017. godine.

Istorija

Hram ratnika

Čičen Ica na jeziku Maja znači „Na izvoru Ica (naroda)". Jukatan nije imao nadzemnih reka, a Čičen Ica je imala tri velika prirodna izvora sa obiljem vode. To je omogućilo da Čičen Ica postane prirodni centar za stanovništvo. Često su bacali predmete kao žrtve tim izvorima, a u očajnim sušnim vremenima po predanju bacale su se i ljudske žrtve.

Čičen Ica je bila glavni centar oko 600. sredinom klasičnog Maja perioda, ali grad dostiže najveću moć tek kad su propali ostali centri Maja na centralnim nizijama na jugu. Do 987. toltečki kralj je stigao sa vojskom iz središnjeg Meksika i Čičem Ica je postala glavni grad. Umetnost i arhitektura toga perioda pokazuju mešavinu maja i toltečkih stilova.

Došlo je do pobuna i građanskog rata 1221, pa Čičen Ica prestaje biti centar, a vlast nad Jukatanom pomera se u Majapan. Mesto nije nikad napušteno, ali opao je broj stanovnika i nisu se više gradile velike građevine. Španski konkistador Francisko de Montejo je zauzeo 1531. Čičen Icu i nameravao je da je učini centrom Jukatana. Posle nekoliko meseci usledila je pobuna Maja, pa su oterali Monteja iz Čičen Ice.

Velika stepenasta piramida -El Kastiljo

Glavni članak: Piramida kukulkan

Opservatorija

Centrom Čičen Ice dominira velika stepenasta piramida, koju su Maje zvale hram Kukulkan (to je bilo ime za Kvecalkoatla). Često se naziva El Kasitiljo (zamak na španskom). Velika pernata zmija se spušta severnim stepeništem piramide. Zahvaljujući arheolozima, nađen je tunel, kojim se može ući u piramidu unutar piramide. To je bila česta praksa, da se sve veći i veći hramovi grade na starijim. Unutrašnja piramida je građena po lunarnom kalendaru, a spoljna po solarnom. Maje su na samom vrhu prinosile žrtve Pernatoj Zmiji

Hram ratnika

Hram ratnika je izgrađen kao kopija hrama u toltečkom centru Tula, ali Maje su sagradile veći od originalnog. To je bila kamena građevina na stepenastoj piramidi. Stupovi unutra su bili izrezbareni da liče na ratnike. Na vrhu stepeništa, koje je vodilo ulazu u hram je jedan tip kipa.

Blizu ratnika nalazi se veliki trg okružen stupcima.

Igralište loptom

Prsten za postizanje bodova u igri loptom

Nađeno je 7 igrališta, za igranje loptom od sirovog kaučuka. Jedno igralište ima dimenzije 166 metara sa 68 metara i predstavlja najveće staro igralište u srednjoj Americi. Ta igrališta su bila akustički jako dobro rešena.

Opservatorija

Posedovali su opservatoriju, koja je u novije vreme prozvana El Karakol (puž, školjka). Nameštena je bila da osmatraju mesečeve deklinacije i druge astronomske događaje. Koristili su sene unutar prostorija, da procene kad će biti solsticij. Oko rubova opservatorije bile su velike posude sa vodom. Posmatrali bi refleksiju zvezda na vodi.

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Spoljašnje veze

• Chichen Itza na sajtu Curlie (jezik: engleski)
• Encyclopædia Britannica: Article on Chichen Itza
• Chichen Itza Digital Media Archive (creative commons-licensed photos, laser scans, panoramas), with particularly detailed information on El Caracol and el Castillo, using data from a National Science Foundation/CyArk research partnership
• UNESCO page about Chichen Itza World Heritage site
• Ancient Observatories page on Chichen Itza
• Chichen Itza reconstructed in 3D
• Archaeological documentation for Chichen Itza Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (9. decembar 2018) created by non-profit group INSIGHT and funded by the National Science Foundation and Chabot Space and Science Center
• Virtual Tour of Chichen Itza Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (31. mart 2016)