Sinopa (род)

Sinopa; Vremenski raspon: 50.5–39.7 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N rani do srednji eocen
Naučna klasifikacija
Domen:	Eukaryota
Carstvo:	Animalia
Tip:	Chordata
Klasa:	Mammalia
Red:	†Hyaenodonta
Porodica:	†Sinopidae
Rod:	†Sinopa; Leidy, 1871
Tipska vrsta
	†Sinopa rapax; Leidy, 1871
Vrste
	†Sinopa jilinia; †Sinopa lania; †Sinopa longipes; †Sinopa major; †Sinopa minor; †Sinopa piercei; †Sinopa pungens; †Sinopa rapax;
Sinonimi
	sinonimi roda: Mimocyon (Peterson, 1919) ; Proviverroides (Bown, 1982) ; Stypolophus (Cope, 1872) ; Triacodon (Marsh, 1871) ; sinonimi vrste: S. longipes: Miacis longipes (Simpson, 1945) ; Mimocyon longipes (Peterson, 1919) ; Proviverra longipes (Dawson, 1980) ; ; S. major: Proviverra grangeri (Van Valen, 1965) ; Proviverra major (Gustafson, 1986) ; Sinopa grangeri (Matthew, 1906) ; ; S. minor: Proviverra minor (Van Valen, 1965) ; ; S. piercei: Proviverroides piercei (Bown, 1982) ; ; S. pungens: Proviverra pungens (Van Valen, 1965) ; Stypolophus pungens (Cope, 1872) ; ; S. rapax: Proviverra rapax (Van Valen, 1965) ; Sinopa aculeatus (Cope, 1871) ; Stypolophus aculeatus (Cope, 1872) ; Stypolophus rapax ; Triacodon aculeatus (Cope, 1872) ; Triacodon fallax (Marsh, 1872) ; ;

Sinopa (Sinopa — „brza lisica”) je izumrli rod placentalnih sisara iz izumrle porodice Sinopidae, koji je u periodu od ranog do srednjeg eocena nastanjivao područje Sjeverne Amerike i Azije.^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]

Etimologija naziva uredi

Rod:	Porijeklo naziva od:	Značenje naziva:
Sinopa	riječi sinopa (sinopáá) iz jezika naroda Blekfut, koja znači brza lisica^[12]^[11]	brza lisica^[13]

Vrste:	Porijeklo naziva od:	Značenje naziva:
S. jilinia	roda Sinopa i kineske pokrajine Đilin (gdje su pronađeni fosilni ostaci ove vrste)	đilinska Sinopa
S. lania	roda Sinopa i latinske riječi lanio (lat. lanio), koja znači pocjepati	Sinopa koja cjepa
S. longipes	roda Sinopa i latinske riječi longipes (lat. longipes), koja znači dugonog	dugonoga Sinopa
S. major	roda Sinopa i latinske riječi major (lat. major), koja znači velik	velika Sinopa
S. minor	roda Sinopa i latinske riječi minor (lat. minor), koja znači malen	mala Sinopa
S. piercei	roda Sinopa i prezimena američkog paleontologa Vilijama G. Pirsa	pirsova Sinopa
S. pungens	roda Sinopa i latinske riječi pungens (lat. pungens), koja znači bockati ili probijati	Sinopa koja bocka
S. rapax	roda Sinopa i latinske riječi rapaks (lat. rapax), koja znači grabljivac ili pohlepan	pohlepna Sinopa

Opis uredi

Karnasalni zubi kod vrsti iz roda Sinopa su bili modifikoani drugi par gornji kutnjaka (M₂) i treći par donji kutnjaka (m₃). Zubna formula kod vrsti iz ovog roda je 3.1.4.33.1.4.3.^[9] Vrste iz roda Sinopa su težile od 1,33 do 13,97 kg.^[14]

lobanja vrste Sinopa lania

ilustracija fosilni ostataka vrste
Sinopa longipes

kostur vrste Sinopa major

djelovi donje vilice vrste Sinopa piercei

kostur vrste Sinopa rapax

Ponašanje i paleoekologija uredi

Vrste iz roda Sinopa su bile mali kopneni predatori koji su u prošlosti Sjeverne Amerike i Azije nastanjivali plavne ravnice, močvare i kopnene ekosisteme. Vrsta Sinopa rapax je bila prilagođena brzom trčanju.

Sistematika uredi

Klasifikacija uredi

Rod: †*Sinopa* (Leidy, 1871)
Vrste:	Rasprostranjenost fosila i lokacija:	Vremenski raspon:
†S. jilinia (Morlo, 2014)^[15]	Kina (pokrajina Đilin)	46,2 do 40,4 mil. god.
†S. lania (Matthew, 1909)^[16]	SAD (Vajoming)	50,5 do 47,0 mil. god.
†S. longipes (Peterson, 1919)^[17]	SAD (Juta)	42,8 do 39,7 mil. god.
†S. major (Wortman, 1902)^[18]	SAD (Vajoming, Juta i Teksas)	50,5 do 39,7 mil. god.
†S. minor (Wortman, 1902)	SAD (Vajoming)	50,5 do 47,0 mil. god.
†S. piercei (Bown, 1982)^[19]	SAD (Vajoming i Juta)	49,2 do 47,0 mil. god.
†S. pungens (Cope, 1872)^[20]	SAD (Vajoming)	50,5 do 47,0 mil. god.
†S. rapax (Leidy, 1871)^[21]	SAD (Vajoming, Juta i Nevada)	50,5 do 47,0 mil. god.
†S. sp. A [AMNH FM 11538] (Matthew, 1906)^[22]	SAD (Vajoming)^[23]	47,0 do 45,7 mil. god.

Filogenija uredi

Dolje prikazan kladogram predstavlja filogenetske veze roda Sinopa.^[9]^[24]^[25]^[26]^[27]^[28]

†Hyaenodonta

†Eoproviverra

†Boualitomidae

†Sinopidae

†Sinopa

	†Sinopa major

?	†Sinopa sp. A (AMNH FM 11538)

†Sinopa jilinia

†Sinopa longipes

	†Sinopa lania

	†Sinopa rapax

†Sinopa minor

†Sinopa pungens

†Sinopa piercei

?

†Sinopidae sp. (FMNH PM 59529)

	†Prototomus phobos

	†Prototomus secundarius

	†Prototomus viverrinus

†Prototomus deimos

†Prototomus

†Prototomus martis

†Prototomus robustus

	†Prototomus girardoti

	†Prototomus minimus

†Acarictis

	†Arfiidae

	†Limnocyonidae

†Hyaenodontoidea

	†Gazinocyon

	†Pyrocyon

†Galecyon

†Parvavorodon

	†Indohyaenodontidae

	†Glibzegdouia

†Indohyaenodon grupa

†Koholiidae

†Tritemnodon

†Tritemnodon grupa

†Teratodontidae

†Apterodontinae

	†Maocyon	†Maocyon/Orienspterodon grupa

	†Orienspterodon

†Hyainailourinae

	†Hemipsalodon

	†Ischnognathus

†Akhnatenavus grupa

†Akhnatenavus

?

†"Pterodon" sp. (BC 15’08)

?

†Hyainailourinae sp. (UON 84-359)

?

†Hyainailourinae sp. C (DPC 9243 & DPC 10315)

?

†Hyainailourinae sp. D (DPC 6545)

	†Kerberos

	†"Pterodon" syrtos

†Pterodon grupa

†Pterodontina

?	†Hyainailourinae sp. A (DPC 6555)

	†"Pterodon" africanus

	†Parapterodon

?

†"Pterodon" sp. (DPC 5036)

†"Pterodon" phiomensis

†Hyainailourini

†Paroxyaenini

†Falcatodon

†Sectisodon

	†Exiguodon

	†Isohyaenodon zadoki

†Isohyaenodon (†Isohyaenodontina)

†Isohyaenodon andrewsi

	†Sivapterodon

	†Hyainailouros bugtiensis

†Hyainailouros napakensis

†Hyainailouros

	†Hyainailouros sulzeri

?	†Hyainailourinae sp. (GSN AD 100’96)

†Simbakubwa

	†Leakitheriini

	†Megistotherium

	†Mlanyama

	†Metapterodontini

†Pakakali

†Prionogalidae

†Hyainailouridae

†Hyainailouroidea

†Lahimia grupa

†Sinopa grupa

†Arfia grupa

†Galecyon grupa

†afro-arabijska grupa

Vremenska rasprostranjenst roda Sinopa unutar porodice Sinopidae uredi

Vidi još uredi

Reference uredi

^ J. Alroy (2002) "Synonymies and reidentifications of North American fossil mammals."
^ O. C. Marsh (1871) "Notice of some new fossil mammals and birds from the Tertiary formation of the West." Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (26. februar 2022) American Journal of Science 2(8):120-127
^ M. R. Dawson (1980) "Paleontology and Geology of the Badwater Creek Area, Central Wyoming. Part 20. the Late Eocene Creodonta and Carnivora." Annals of Carnegie Museum 49(4):79-91
^ Van Valen, Leigh (1965). „Some European Proviverrini (Mammalia, Deltatheridia)” (PDF). Palaeontology. 8: 638–665.
^ E. P. Gustafson (1986) "Carnivorous mammals of the Late Eocene and Early Oligocene of Trans-Pecos Texas." Texas Memorial Museum Bulletin 33:1-66
^ E. D. Cope (1871) "Descriptions of some new Vertebrata from the Bridger Group of the Eocene." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 12:460-465
^ O. C. Marsh (1872) "Preliminary description of new Tertiary mammals. Part I." American Journal of Science 4(20):122-128
^ McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Pristupljeno 16. 3. 2015. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
^ ^a ^b ^v G. F. Gunnell (1998) "Creodonta". In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.), "Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America, Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulate like Mammals", Cambridge University Press, 703 pages ISBN 9780521355193
^ Floréal Solé (2013). „New proviverrine genus from the Early Eocene of Europe and the first phylogeny of Late Palaeocene–Middle Eocene hyaenodontidans (Mammalia)”. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 11 (4): 375—398. doi:10.1080/14772019.2012.686927.
^ ^a ^b Floréal Solé; Jocelyn Falconnet; Laurent Yves (2014). „New proviverrines (Hyaenodontida) from the early Eocene of Europe; phylogeny and ecological evolution of the Proviverrinae”. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 171 (4): 878—917. doi:10.1111/zoj.12155.
^ Blackfoot dictionary
^ Palmer, Theodore Sherman (1904). Index Generum Mammalium: A List of the Genera and Families of Mammals (na jeziku: engleski). U.S. Government Printing Office.
^ Egi, Naoko (2001). „Body mass estimates in extinct mammals from limb bone dimensions: the case of North American hyaenodontids.” (PDF). Palaeontology. 44 (3): 497—528. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 13. 04. 2022. g. Pristupljeno 19. 03. 2021.
^ Michael Morlo; Katharina Bastl; Wu Wenhao; Stephan F. K. Schaal (2014). „The first species of Sinopa (Hyaenodontida, Mammalia) from outside of North America: implications for the history of the genus in the Eocene of Asia and North America”. Palaeontology. 57 (1): 111—125. doi:10.1111/pala.12052.
^ W. D. Matthew (1909) "The Carnivora and Insectivora of the Bridger Basin, middle Eocene." Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 9:289-567
^ O. A. Peterson (1919) "Report Upon the Material Discovered in the Upper Eocene of the Uinta Basin by Earl Douglas in the Years 1908-1909, and by O. A. Peterson in 1912." Annals of Carnegie Museum 12(2):40-168
^ J. L. Wortman (1902) "Studies of Eocene Mammalia in the Marsh Collection, Peabody Museum." The American Journal of Science, series 4 13:197-206
^ T. M. Bown (1982) "Geology, Paleontology, and Correlation of Eocene Volcaniclastic Rocks, Southeast Absaroka Range, Hot Springs County, Wyoming." United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 1201-A:A1-A75
^ E. D. Cope (1872) "Second account of new Vertebrata from the Bridger Eocene." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society (separate) 1-3
^ J. Leidy (1871) "Remarks on fossil vertebrates from Wyoming." Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 23(2):228-229
^ Matthew, W. D. (1906) "The Osteology of Sinopa, a Creodont Mammal of the Middle Eocene." Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXX, pp. 203-233, pl. XVI
^ Tomiya, S.; Zack, S. P.; Spaulding, M.; Flynn, J. J. (2021). „Carnivorous mammals from the middle Eocene Washakie Formation, Wyoming, USA, and their diversity trajectory in a post-warming world”. Journal of Paleontology. 95 (Supplement S82): 1—115. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.74.
^ Borths, Matthew R.; Stevens, Nancy J. (2017). „Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)”. Palaeontologia Electronica. 20 (3): 55A. doi:10.26879/776  .
^ Matthew R. Borths; Nancy J. Stevens (2019). „Simbakubwa kutokaafrika, gen. et sp. nov. (Hyainailourinae, Hyaenodonta, 'Creodonta,' Mammalia), a gigantic carnivore from the earliest Miocene of Kenya”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (1): e1570222. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1570222.
^ Floréal Solé; Bernard Marandat; Fabrice Lihoreau (2020). „The hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the French locality of Aumelas (Hérault), with possible new representatives from the late Ypresian”. Geodiversitas. 42 (13): 185—214. doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a13.
^ Solé, F.; Morlo, M.; Schaal, T.; Lehmann, T. (2021). „New hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the late Ypresian locality of Prémontré (France) support a radiation of the hyaenodonts in Europe already at the end of the early Eocene”. Geobios. 66-67: 119—141. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2021.02.004.
^ Averianov, Alexander; Obraztsova, Ekaterina; Danilov, Igor; Jin, Jian-Hua (2023). „A new hypercarnivorous hyaenodont from the Eocene of South China”. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 11. ISSN 2296-701X. doi:10.3389/fevo.2023.1076819/full.

Literatura uredi

E. D. Cope (1873) "On some Eocene mammals, obtained by Hayden's Geological Survey of 1872." Paleontological Bulletin 12:1-6
J. Leidy (1873) "Part I. Contributions to the extinct vertebrate fauna of the western territories." In F. V. Hayden (ed.), Report of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories 1:1-358
Cope, E. D. (1875). „On the Supposed Carnivora of the Eocene of the Rocky Mountains”. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. str. 444—449.
E. D. Cope (1880) "On the genera of the Creodonta." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 19:76-82
W. B. Scott (1892) "A revision of the North American Creodonta with notes on some genera which have been referred to that group." Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 44:291-323
O. P. Hay (1902) "Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America." Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179:1-868
C. W. Andrews (1906) "A Descriptive Catalogue of the Tertiary Vertebrata of Fayum, Egypt" 1-324
W. D. Matthew and W. Granger (1915) "A revision of the Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River faunas." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 34(1):1-103
M. R. Thorpe (1923) "Notes on the Bridger (Eocene) Carnivora." Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (9. januar 2023) American Journal of Science 5(25):23-39
L. Van Valen (1966) "Deltatheridia, a new order of Mammals." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 132(1):1-126
L. Van Valen (1967) "New Paleocene insectivores and insectivore classification." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 135(5):217-284
C. L. Gazin (1976) "Mammalian Faunal Zones of the Bridger Middle Eocene." Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 26:1-25
L. Krishtalka and R. K. Stucky (1984) "Middle Eocene marsupials (Mammalia) from northeastern Utah and the mammalian fauna from Powder Wash." Annals of Carnegie Museum 53(2):31-46
R. M. Schoch (1987) "Viverravus gracilis Marsh, 1872 (Mammalia, Carnivora): proposed conservation." Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 44(1):7-8
R. J. Emry (1990) "Mammals of the Bridgerian (middle Eocene) Elderberry Canyon Local Fauna of eastern Nevada." In T. M. Bown and K. D. Rose (eds.), Dawn of the Age of Mammals in the Northern Part of the Rocky Mountain Interior, North America. Geological Society of America Special Paper 243:187-210
P. D. Polly (1996) "The skeleton of Gazinocyon vulpeculus gen. et. comb nov. and the cladistic relationships of Hyaenodontidae (Eutheria, Mammalia)." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 16(2):303-319
S. Peigné, M. Morlo, Y. Chaimanee, S. Ducrocq, S. T. Tun and J. J. Jaeger (2007) "New discoveries of hyaenodontids (Creodonta, Mammalia) from the Pondaung Formation, middle Eocene, Myanmar—paleobiogeographic implications." Geodiversitas 29(3):441-458
Solé, F.; Lhuillier, J.; Adaci, M.; Bensalah, M.; Mahboubi, M.; Tabuce, R. (2013). „The hyaenodontidans from the Gour Lazib area (?Early Eocene, Algeria): implications concerning the systematics and the origin of the Hyainailourinae and Teratodontinae”. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 12 (3): 303—322. doi:10.1080/14772019.2013.795196.
Matthew R. Borths; Patricia A. Holroyd; Erik R. Seiffert (2016). „Hyainailourine and teratodontine cranial material from the late Eocene of Egypt and the application of parsimony and Bayesian methods to the phylogeny and biogeography of Hyaenodonta (Placentalia, Mammalia)”. PeerJ. 4: e2639. PMC 5111901  . PMID 27867761. doi:10.7717/peerj.2639.

[1] J. Alroy (2002) "Synonymies and reidentifications of North American fossil mammals."

[2] O. C. Marsh (1871) "Notice of some new fossil mammals and birds from the Tertiary formation of the West." Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (26. februar 2022) American Journal of Science 2(8):120-127

[3] M. R. Dawson (1980) "Paleontology and Geology of the Badwater Creek Area, Central Wyoming. Part 20. the Late Eocene Creodonta and Carnivora." Annals of Carnegie Museum 49(4):79-91

[4] Van Valen, Leigh (1965). „Some European Proviverrini (Mammalia, Deltatheridia)” (PDF). Palaeontology. 8: 638–665.

[5] E. P. Gustafson (1986) "Carnivorous mammals of the Late Eocene and Early Oligocene of Trans-Pecos Texas." Texas Memorial Museum Bulletin 33:1-66

[6] E. D. Cope (1871) "Descriptions of some new Vertebrata from the Bridger Group of the Eocene." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 12:460-465

[7] O. C. Marsh (1872) "Preliminary description of new Tertiary mammals. Part I." American Journal of Science 4(20):122-128

[McKenna_&_Bell-8] McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Pristupljeno 16. 3. 2015. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)

[Gunnell1998-9] v G. F. Gunnell (1998) "Creodonta". In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.), "Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America, Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulate like Mammals", Cambridge University Press, 703 pages ISBN 9780521355193

[10] Floréal Solé (2013). „New proviverrine genus from the Early Eocene of Europe and the first phylogeny of Late Palaeocene–Middle Eocene hyaenodontidans (Mammalia)”. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 11 (4): 375—398. doi:10.1080/14772019.2012.686927.

[ZJLS14proviverrines-11] Floréal Solé; Jocelyn Falconnet; Laurent Yves (2014). „New proviverrines (Hyaenodontida) from the early Eocene of Europe; phylogeny and ecological evolution of the Proviverrinae”. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 171 (4): 878—917. doi:10.1111/zoj.12155.

[12] Blackfoot dictionary

[13] Palmer, Theodore Sherman (1904). Index Generum Mammalium: A List of the Genera and Families of Mammals (na jeziku: engleski). U.S. Government Printing Office.

[14] Egi, Naoko (2001). „Body mass estimates in extinct mammals from limb bone dimensions: the case of North American hyaenodontids.” (PDF). Palaeontology. 44 (3): 497—528. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 13. 04. 2022. g. Pristupljeno 19. 03. 2021.

[15] Michael Morlo; Katharina Bastl; Wu Wenhao; Stephan F. K. Schaal (2014). „The first species of Sinopa (Hyaenodontida, Mammalia) from outside of North America: implications for the history of the genus in the Eocene of Asia and North America”. Palaeontology. 57 (1): 111—125. doi:10.1111/pala.12052.

[16] W. D. Matthew (1909) "The Carnivora and Insectivora of the Bridger Basin, middle Eocene." Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 9:289-567

[17] O. A. Peterson (1919) "Report Upon the Material Discovered in the Upper Eocene of the Uinta Basin by Earl Douglas in the Years 1908-1909, and by O. A. Peterson in 1912." Annals of Carnegie Museum 12(2):40-168

[18] J. L. Wortman (1902) "Studies of Eocene Mammalia in the Marsh Collection, Peabody Museum." The American Journal of Science, series 4 13:197-206

[19] T. M. Bown (1982) "Geology, Paleontology, and Correlation of Eocene Volcaniclastic Rocks, Southeast Absaroka Range, Hot Springs County, Wyoming." United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 1201-A:A1-A75

[20] E. D. Cope (1872) "Second account of new Vertebrata from the Bridger Eocene." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society (separate) 1-3

[21] J. Leidy (1871) "Remarks on fossil vertebrates from Wyoming." Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 23(2):228-229

[22] Matthew, W. D. (1906) "The Osteology of Sinopa, a Creodont Mammal of the Middle Eocene." Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXX, pp. 203-233, pl. XVI

[23] Tomiya, S.; Zack, S. P.; Spaulding, M.; Flynn, J. J. (2021). „Carnivorous mammals from the middle Eocene Washakie Formation, Wyoming, USA, and their diversity trajectory in a post-warming world”. Journal of Paleontology. 95 (Supplement S82): 1—115. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.74.

[Matthew2017-24] Borths, Matthew R.; Stevens, Nancy J. (2017). „Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)”. Palaeontologia Electronica. 20 (3): 55A. doi:10.26879/776  .

[Simbakubwa-25] Matthew R. Borths; Nancy J. Stevens (2019). „Simbakubwa kutokaafrika, gen. et sp. nov. (Hyainailourinae, Hyaenodonta, 'Creodonta,' Mammalia), a gigantic carnivore from the earliest Miocene of Kenya”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (1): e1570222. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1570222.

[Geodiversitas4213-26] Floréal Solé; Bernard Marandat; Fabrice Lihoreau (2020). „The hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the French locality of Aumelas (Hérault), with possible new representatives from the late Ypresian”. Geodiversitas. 42 (13): 185—214. doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a13.

[hyaenodontsGeobios-27] Solé, F.; Morlo, M.; Schaal, T.; Lehmann, T. (2021). „New hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the late Ypresian locality of Prémontré (France) support a radiation of the hyaenodonts in Europe already at the end of the early Eocene”. Geobios. 66-67: 119—141. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2021.02.004.

[Maocyon-28] Averianov, Alexander; Obraztsova, Ekaterina; Danilov, Igor; Jin, Jian-Hua (2023). „A new hypercarnivorous hyaenodont from the Eocene of South China”. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 11. ISSN 2296-701X. doi:10.3389/fevo.2023.1076819/full.

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