Teorija kontrole

Teorija kontrole u inženjerstvu kontrole sistema se bavi kontrolom dinamičkih sistema koji su u kontinuiranom radu u industrijskim procesima i mašinama. Objektiv je razvoj modela kontrole za kontrolisanje takvih sistema koristeći kontrolne akcije na optimalan način bez zastoja ili prekoračenja i osiguravanje kontrole stabilnosti.^[1]^[2]

Da bi se to ostvarilo, neophodan je kontroler koji vrši korekcije. Kontroler prati promenljive kontrolisanog procesa (PV), i poredi ih sa referencom ili setom tačaka (SP). Razlika između stvarnih i željenih vrednosti parametara procesa se naziva signalom greške, ili SP-PV greškom. Ona se povratno koristi za proizvođenje kontrolnih akcija da bi se kontrolisane procesne promenljive dovele na iste vrednosti kao i zadata tačka. Drugi aspekti koji se isto tako studiraju su kontrolibilnost i opservabilnost. Na tome je baziran napredni tip automacije koji doveo do revolucionarnih promena u industrijskoj proizvodnji,^[3]^[4] industriji aviona, komunikacijama i drugim oblastima. To se naziva povratnom kontrolom, i ona je obično kontinualna i obuhvata senzorska merenja i vršenje proračuna za podešavanja kako bi se merene promenljive održale u okviru zadatog opsega putem „konačnih kontrolnih elemenata”, kao što su kontrolni ventili.^[5]

Obično se ekstenzivno upotrebljava dijagramski stil poznat kao blok dijagram. Pri tome funkcija prenosa, takođe poznata kao sistemska funkcija ili funkcija mreže, je matematički model relacije između inputa i outputa bazirana na diferencijalnim jedančinama koje opisuju sistem.^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]

Teorija kontrole je nastala u tokom 19. veka, kad je teoretsku bazu za operaciju kontrolera privi opisao Džejms Klerk Maksvel.^[10] Teoriju kontrole su dalje unapredili Edvard Raut 1874, Šarl Šturm i 1895. godine Adam Hurvic, koji su doprineli uspostavljanju kriterijuma kontrolne stabilnosti; a od 1922. godine na dalje Nikolas Minorski koji je razvio teoriju PID kontrole.^[11] Mada je glavna primena teorije kontrole u inženjerskim kontrolnim sistemima, koji se bave dizajnom industrijskih sistema kontrole procesa, drugi opsezi primene idu daleko izvan toga. Kao opšta teorija povratnih sistema, teorija kontrole je korisna kad god je javlja povratna sprega. Primeri toga se mogu naći u fiziologiji, elektronici, modelovanju klime, mašinskom dizajnu, ekosistemima, navigaciji, neuronskim mrežama, interakcijama predatora i plena, izražavanju gena, i teoriji produktivnosti.^[12]

Reference уреди

^ Philip Holmes and Eric T. Shea-Brown (ур.). „Stability”. Scholarpedia.
^ Egwald Mathematics - Linear Algebra: Systems of Linear Differential Equations: Linear Stability Analysis Accessed 10 October 2019.
^ Groover, Mikell (2014). Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing: Materials, Processes, and Systems. Wiley. ISBN 9781118231463.
^ Lyshevski, S.E. Electromechanical Systems and Devices CRC Press, . Lyshevski, Sergey Edward (2008). Electromechanical Systems and Devices (1st изд.). Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1420069723. .
^ Bennett, Stuart: A history of control engineering, 1930-1955. IET. Bennett, Stuart (1992). A History of Control Engineering, 1930-1955. стр. 48. ISBN 978-0-86341-299-8.
^ Bernd Girod, Rudolf Rabenstein, Alexander Stenger, Signals and systems, 2nd ed., Wiley, 2001, ISBN 0-471-98800-6 p. 50
^ M. A. Laughton; D.F. Warne (27. 9. 2002). Electrical Engineer's Reference Book (16 изд.). Newnes. стр. 14/9—14/10. ISBN 978-0-08-052354-5.
^ E. A. Parr (1993). Logic Designer's Handbook: Circuits and Systems (2nd изд.). Newness. стр. 65–66. ISBN 978-1-4832-9280-9.
^ Sinclair, Ian; John Dunton (2007). Electronic and Electrical Servicing: Consumer and Commercial Electronics. Routledge. стр. 172. ISBN 978-0-7506-6988-7.
^ Maxwell, J. C. (1868). „On Governors” (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society. 100.
^ Minorsky, Nicolas (1922). „Directional stability of automatically steered bodies”. Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers. 34 (2): 280—309. doi:10.1111/j.1559-3584.1922.tb04958.x.
^ Antunes, Ricardo; Gonzalez, Vicente (3. 03. 2015). „A Production Model for Construction: A Theoretical Framework”. Buildings. 5 (1): 209—228. doi:10.3390/buildings5010209  .

Literatura уреди

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Spoljašnje veze уреди

Control Tutorials for Matlab Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (16. октобар 2012), a set of worked-through control examples solved by several different methods.
Control Tuning and Best Practices
Advanced control structures, free on-line simulators explaining the control theory
The Dark Side of Loop Control Theory, a professional seminar taught at APEC in 2012 (Orlando, FL).

[1] Philip Holmes and Eric T. Shea-Brown (ур.). „Stability”. Scholarpedia.

[:0-2] Egwald Mathematics - Linear Algebra: Systems of Linear Differential Equations: Linear Stability Analysis Accessed 10 October 2019.

[3] Groover, Mikell (2014). Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing: Materials, Processes, and Systems. Wiley. ISBN 9781118231463.

[4] Lyshevski, S.E. Electromechanical Systems and Devices CRC Press, . Lyshevski, Sergey Edward (2008). Electromechanical Systems and Devices (1st изд.). Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1420069723. .

[5] Bennett, Stuart: A history of control engineering, 1930-1955. IET. Bennett, Stuart (1992). A History of Control Engineering, 1930-1955. стр. 48. ISBN 978-0-86341-299-8.

[6] Bernd Girod, Rudolf Rabenstein, Alexander Stenger, Signals and systems, 2nd ed., Wiley, 2001, ISBN 0-471-98800-6 p. 50

[LaughtonWarne2002-7] M. A. Laughton; D.F. Warne (27. 9. 2002). Electrical Engineer's Reference Book (16 изд.). Newnes. стр. 14/9—14/10. ISBN 978-0-08-052354-5.

[Parr1993-8] E. A. Parr (1993). Logic Designer's Handbook: Circuits and Systems (2nd изд.). Newness. стр. 65–66. ISBN 978-1-4832-9280-9.

[SinclairDunton2007-9] Sinclair, Ian; John Dunton (2007). Electronic and Electrical Servicing: Consumer and Commercial Electronics. Routledge. стр. 172. ISBN 978-0-7506-6988-7.

[10] Maxwell, J. C. (1868). „On Governors” (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society. 100.

[11] Minorsky, Nicolas (1922). „Directional stability of automatically steered bodies”. Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers. 34 (2): 280—309. doi:10.1111/j.1559-3584.1922.tb04958.x.

[12] Antunes, Ricardo; Gonzalez, Vicente (3. 03. 2015). „A Production Model for Construction: A Theoretical Framework”. Buildings. 5 (1): 209—228. doi:10.3390/buildings5010209  .

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