Википедија

Spodumen

LiAlSi2O6; Појављивање: стубичасти и плочасти кристали, прутићасти агрегати; Боја: зелен као јабука; Генеза: везан је за пегматите гранитске маг

Spodumen je pyroxene mineral consisting of lithium aluminium inosilicate, LiAl(SiO3)2, and is a commercially important source of lithium. It occurs as colorless to yellowish, purplish, or lilac kunzite (see below), yellowish-green or emerald-green hiddenite, prismatic crystals, often of great size. Single crystals of 143 m (469 ft) in size are reported from the Black Hills of South Dakota, United States.[5][6]

Spodumen
Walnut Hill Pegmatite Prospect, Huntington, Hampshire County, Massachusetts, U.S. (size: 14.2 × 9.2 × 3.0 cm)
Opšte informacije
KategorijaInosilikat
Formulalitijum aluminijum silikat, LiAl(SiO3)2
Strunc klasifikacija9.DA.30
Dana klasifikacija65.1.4.1
Kristalne sistemeMonoclinic
Kristalna klasaPrismatic (2/m)
(same H-M symbol)
Space groupC2/c
Unit cella = 9.46 Å, b = 8.39 Å
c = 5.22 Å
β = 110.17°; Z = 4
Identifikacija
BojaHighly variable: white, colorless, gray, pink, lilac, violet, yellow and green, may be bicolored; emerald green – hiddenite; lilac – kunzite; yellow – triphane
Kristalni habitusprismatic, generally flattened and elongated, striated parallel to {100}, commonly massive
BližnjenjeCommon on {100}
CepljivostPerfect prismatic, two directions {110} ∧ {110} at 87°
PrelomUneven to subconchoidal
ČvrstinaBrittle
Tvrdoća po Mosu6.5–7
SjajnostVitreous, pearly on cleavage
Ogrebwhite
Specifična težina3.03–3.23
Optičke osobineBiaxial (+)
Indeks prelamanjanα = 1.648–1.661 nβ = 1.655–1.670 nγ = 1.662–1.679
Dvojno prelamanjeδ = 0.014–0.018
PleohroizamStrong in kunzite: α-purple, γ-colorless; hiddenite: α-green, γ-colorless
2V ugao54° to 69°
Topljivost3.5
Rastvorljivostnerastvoran
Ostale osobineTenebrescence, chatoyancy
Reference[1][2][3][4]

The naturally-occurring low-temperature form α-spodumene is in the monoclinic system, and the high-temperature β-spodumene crystallizes in the tetragonal system. α-spodumene converts to β-spodumene at temperatures above 900 °C.[4] Crystals are typically heavily striated parallel to the principal axis. Crystal faces are often etched and pitted with triangular markings.

Otkriće i zastupljenost

уреди

Spodumene was first described in 1800 for an occurrence in the type locality in Utö, Södermanland, Sweden. It was discovered by Brazilian naturalist Jose Bonifacio de Andrada e Silva. The name is derived from the Greek spodumenos (σποδούμενος), meaning "burnt to ashes", owing to the opaque ash-grey appearance of material refined for use in industry.[1]

Spodumene occurs in lithium-rich granite pegmatites and aplites. Associated minerals include: quartz, albite, petalite, eucryptite, lepidolite and beryl.[2]

Transparent material has long been used as a gemstone with varieties kunzite and hiddenite noted for their strong pleochroism. Source localities include Democratic Republic of Congo, Afghanistan, Australia, Brazil, Madagascar (see mining), Pakistan, Québec in Canada, and North Carolina and California in the U.S.

Since 2018, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has been known to have the largest lithium spodumene hard rock deposit in the world, with mining operations occurring in the central DRC territory of Manono, Tanganyika Province.[7] As of 2021, the Australian company AVZ Minerals[8] is developing the Manono Lithium and Tin project and has a resource size of 400 million tonnes of high grade low impurities at 1.65% lithium oxide (Li2O)[9] spodumene hard-rock based on studies and drilling of Roche Dure, one of several pegmatites in the deposit.

Economic importance

уреди

Spodumene is an important source of lithium, for use in ceramics, mobile phone and batteries (including for automotive applications), medicine, Pyroceram and as a fluxing agent. As of 2019, around half of lithium is extracted from mineral ores, which mainly consist of spodumene. Lithium is recovered from spodumene by dissolution in acid, or extraction with other reagents, after roasting to convert it to the more reactive β-spodumene. The advantage of spodumene as a lithium source compared to brine sources is the higher lithium concentration, but at a higher extraction cost.[10]

In 2016, the price was forecast to be $500–600/ton for years to come.[11] However, price spiked above $800 in January 2018, and production increased more than consumption, reducing the price to $400 in September 2020.[12][13]

World production of lithium via spodumene was around 80,000 metric tonnes per annum in 2018, primarily from the Greenbushes pegmatite of Western Australia and from some Chinese and Chilean sources. The Talison Minerals mine in Greenbushes, Western Australia (involving Tianqi Lithium, Albemarle Corporation and Global Advanced Metals), is reported to be the world's second largest and to have the highest grade of ore at 2.4% Li2O (2012 figures).[14]

In 2020, Australia expanded spodumene mining to become the leading lithium producing country in the world.[15]

Extraction of lithium from spodumene is challenging due to the tight binding of lithium in the crystal structure. Processing methods rely on roasting at high temperature with various reagents. At temperatures in excess of 800 °C (1.470 °F), the spodumene is converted from the alpha structure to a more open beta structure from which the lithium is more easily extracted by the reagents. Suitable extraction reagents include alkali metal sulfates, such as sodium sulfate; sodium carbonate; chlorine; or hydrofluoric acid.[16]

An important economic concentrate of spodumene, known as spodumene concentrate 6 or SC6, is a high-purity lithium ore with approximately 6 percent lithium content being produced as a raw material for the subsequent production of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles.[17][18]

Reference

уреди
  1. ^ а б Spodumene, Mindat.org
  2. ^ а б Anthony, John W., Bideaux, Richard A., Bladh, Kenneth W., and Nichols, Monte C. (1990). Handbook of Mineralogy. Mineral Data Publishing, Tucson, Arizona
  3. ^ Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis, 1985, Manual of Mineralogy, 20th ed., ISBN 0-471-80580-7
  4. ^ а б Deer, Howie and Zussman, Rock Forming Minerals, v. 2 Chain Silicates, Wiley, 1963 pp. 92–98
  5. ^ Schwartz, G. (1928). „The Black Hills Mineral Region”. American Mineralogist. 13: 56—63. 
  6. ^ Robert Louis Bonewitz, 2005, Rock and Gem, London, Dorling Kindersley
  7. ^ „This Congo project could supply the world with lithium”. MiningDotCom. 10. 12. 2018. Приступљено 26. 3. 2021. 
  8. ^ „AVZ Minerals Limited”. AVZ Minerals. Приступљено 25. 3. 2021. 
  9. ^ „AVZ Minerals Definitive Feasibility Study (DFS – April 2020)”. AVZ Minerals. 
  10. ^ Rioyo, Javier; Tuset, Sergio; Grau, Ramón (12. 8. 2020). „Lithium Extraction from Spodumene by the Traditional Sulfuric Acid Process: A Review”. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review. 43: 97—106. ISSN 0882-7508. S2CID 225417879. doi:10.1080/08827508.2020.1798234. 
  11. ^ „Spodumene concentrate forecasted price 2020”. Statista. 21. 7. 2016. Архивирано из оригинала 1. 12. 2020. г. 
  12. ^ Shi, Carrie; Ouerghi, Dalila (5. 10. 2020). „Demand pick-up halts spodumene price fall”. www.metalbulletin.com. Архивирано из оригинала 11. 10. 2020. г. 
  13. ^ „Lithium Resources and Energy Quarterly” (PDF). децембар 2019. Архивирано (PDF) из оригинала 22. 9. 2020. г. 
  14. ^ „Greenbushes Lithium Mine”. Golden Dragon Capital. Архивирано из оригинала 19. 1. 2019. г. Приступљено 18. 1. 2019. 
  15. ^ Jaskula, Brian W. (јануар 2020). „Mineral Commodity Summaries 2020” (PDF). U.S. Geological Survey. Приступљено 29. 6. 2020. 
  16. ^ Choubey, Pankaj K.; Kim, Min-seuk; Srivastava, Rajiv R.; Lee, Jae-chun; Lee, Jin-Young (април 2016). „Advance review on the exploitation of the prominent energy-storage element: Lithium. Part I: From mineral and brine resources”. Minerals Engineering. 89: 119—137. Bibcode:2016MiEng..89..119C. doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2016.01.010. 
  17. ^ Jamasmie, Cecilia (28. 9. 2020). „Piedmont Lithium stock soars on confirmed Tesla deal”. mining.com. Приступљено 13. 3. 2021. 
  18. ^ Piedmont Lithium Signs Sales Agreement with Tesla, 28 September 2020, retrieved 14 March 2021.

Literatura

уреди
  • Kunz, George Frederick (1892). Gems and Precious Stones of North America. New York: The Scientific Publishing Company.
  • Palache, C., Davidson, S. C., and Goranson, E. A. (1930). "The Hiddenite deposit in Alexander County, N. Carolina". American Mineralogist Vol. 15 No. 8 p. 280
  • Webster, R. (2000). Gems: Their Sources, Descriptions and Identification (5th ed.), pp. 186–190. Great Britain: Butterworth-Heinemann.
  • The key players in Quebec lithium Архивирано 2013-01-30 на сајту Archive.today, "Daily News", The Northern Miner, 11 August 2010.

Spoljašnje veze

уреди
 
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