Džon Mjur
Džon Mjur (engl. John Muir, /m jʊәr / mure; Danbar, 21. april 1838 — Los Anđeles, 24. decembar 1914),[1] takođe poznat kao „Džon od planina“ i „otac nacionalnih parkova“,[2][3] bio je uticajni američko-škotski[4][5] prirodnjak, autor, filozof životne sredine, botaničar, zoolog, glaciolog i rani zagovornik očuvanja divljine u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama.
Džon Mjur | |
|---|---|
 Džon Mjur | |
| Datum rođenja | 21. april 1838. |
| Mesto rođenja | Danbar, Škotska |
| Datum smrti | 24. decembar 1914. (76 god.) |
| Mesto smrti | Los Anđeles, SAD |
| Univerzitet | Univerzitet u Viskonsinu |
| Deca | 2 |
Njegova pisma, eseje i knjige koje opisuju njegove avanture u prirodi, posebno u Sijera Nevadi, pročitali su milioni čitalaca u SAD. Njegov aktivizam je pomogao da se očuvaju dolina Josemita i Nacionalni park Sekvoja, a njegov primer je poslužio kao inspiracija za očuvanje mnogih drugih područja divljine. Klub Sijera, čiji je suosnivač, istaknuta je američka organizacija za zaštitu prirode. U svom kasnijem životu, Mjur je većinu svog vremena posvetio očuvanju zapadnih šuma. Kao deo kampanje da Josemiti postane nacionalni park, Mjur je objavio dva značajna članka o očuvanju divljine u časopisu „The Century Magazine, „The Treasures of the Yosemite“ i „Features of the Proposed Yosemite National Park“; ovo je pomoglo da se podrži nastojanje američkog Kongresa da usvoji zakon o osnivanju Nacionalnog parka Josemiti 1890. godine.[6] Duhovni kvalitet i entuzijazam prema prirodi izraženi u njegovim spisima inspirisali su čitaoce, uključujući predsednike i kongresmene, da preduzmu akciju kako bi pomogli očuvanju velikih prirodnih područja.[7]
Džon Mjur se smatra „inspiracijom i za Škote i za Amerikance“.[8] Mjurov biograf, Stiven Džej Holms, veruje da je Mjur postao „jedan od svetaca zaštitnika američkih ekoloških aktivnosti dvadesetog veka“, kako političkih tako i rekreativnih. Kao rezultat toga, o njegovim spisima se obično raspravlja u knjigama i časopisima, a često su ga citirali fotografi prirode kao što je Ansel Adams.[9] „Mjur je duboko oblikovao same kategorije kroz koje Amerikanci razumeju i zamišljaju svoje odnose sa svetom prirode“, piše Holms.[10]
Mjur je bio poznat po tome što je bio ekološki mislilac, politički portparol i verski prorok, čiji su spisi postali lični vodič u prirodu za mnoge ljude, čineći njegovo ime „skoro sveprisutnim“ u modernoj ekološkoj svesti. Prema autoru Vilijamu Andersonu, Mjur je ilustrovao „arhetip našeg jedinstva sa zemljom“,[11] dok biograf Donald Vorster kaže da je verovao da je njegova misija „spasavanje američke duše od potpune predaje materijalizmu“.[12] Datuma 21. aprila 2013. u Škotskoj je proslavljen prvi Dan Džona Mjura, kojim je obeležena 175. godišnjica njegovog rođenja.
Bibliografija uredi
Knjige uredi
- Muir, John (1916). A Thousand-mile Walk to the Gulf. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-1728654881.
- Muir, John (1911). Edward Henry Harriman. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Page. ISBN 978-1375410335.
- Muir, John (1996). Gifford, Terry, ur. John Muir: His Life and Letters and Other Writings
. London: Seattle: Mountaineers Books. ISBN 978-0898864632. - Flinders, Tim, ur. (2013). John Muir: Spiritual Writings. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books. ISBN 978-1626980358.
- Muir, John (1915). Letters to a Friend: Written to Mrs. Ezra S. Carr, 1866-1879. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0486832371.
- Muir, John (1911). My First Summer in the Sierra. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. LCCN 17000159. OL OL6593288M.
- Muir, John (1901). Our National Parks. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin. ISBN 978-1423650393.
- Muir, John (1888). Picturesque California: The Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Slope; California, Oregon, Nevada, Washington, Alaska, Montana, Idaho, Arizona, Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, Etc. J. Dewing Publishing Company. ASIN B001PV5DKK.
- Muir, John (1918). Steep Trails. Boston: Houghton. ISBN 978-1557427885.
- „Stickeen - John Muir's Adventure with a Dog and a Glacier”. Sierra Club. Arhivirano iz originala 23. 05. 2013. g. Pristupljeno 8. 9. 2012.
- Muir, John (1950). Studies in the Sierra.
- Muir, John (1917). The Cruise of the Corwin. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-1010129097.
- Muir, John (1894). The Mountains of California. New York: Century. ISBN 978-1986655576.
- Muir, John (1913). The Story of My Boyhood and Youth. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin. ISBN 978-1406808636. OL OL1618178W.
- Muir, John (1912). The Yosemite. New York: Century. ISBN 978-1684221783.
- Muir, John (1915). Travels in Alaska. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-1611045659.
Eseji uredi
- "Alaska. The Discovery of Glacier Bay"
- "The American Forests"
- "Among the Animals of the Yosemite"
- "Among the Birds of the Yosemite"
- "The Coniferous Forests of the Sierra Nevada"
- "Features of the Proposed Yosemite National Park"
- "The Forests of Yosemite Park"
- "Fountains and Streams of the Yosemite"
- "In the Heart of the California Alps"
- "Living Glaciers of California"
- "The New Sequoia Forests of California"
- "A Rival of the Yosemite, King's River Canyon"
- "Snow-Storm on Mount Shasta"
- "Studies in the Sierra: The Glacier Meadows of the Sierra"
- "Studies in the Sierra: The Mountain Lakes of California"
- "Studies in the Sierra: The Passes of the Sierra"
- "The Treasures of the Yosemite"
- "The Wild Gardens of the Yosemite Park"
- "The Wild Parks and Forest Reservations of the West"
- "The Wild Sheep of the Sierra"
- "The Yellowstone National Park"
- "The Yosemite National Park"
Reference uredi
- ^ „John Muir”. Encyclopedia of World Biography. Pristupljeno 25. 9. 2010.
- ^ McGuckin 2015
- ^ Miller 2008, str. 10
- ^ Kennedy White, Kim, ur. (2013). America Goes Green: An Encyclopedia of Eco-Friendly Culture in the United States. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. str. xxiii. „John Muir (1838–1914) was a Scottish-born American citizen”
- ^ Fox, Stephen R. (1985). The American conservation movement: John Muir and his legacy. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-10634-8.
- ^ Library of Congress. Documentary Chronology of Selected Events in the Development of the American Conservation Movement, 1847-1920.
- ^ „The Life and Contributions of John Muir”. Sierra Club. Arhivirano iz originala 31. 03. 2014. g. Pristupljeno 23. 10. 2009.
- ^ „John Muir: The Life and Times”. Scotland.org. 27. 4. 2015. Arhivirano iz originala 19. 10. 2022. g. Pristupljeno 13. 3. 2018.
- ^ Adams, Ansel (2002). America's Wilderness: the Photographs of Ansel Adams, with the Writings of John Muir. Philadelphia, PA: Courage Books. ISBN 978-0762413904.
- ^ Holmes, Steven (1999). The Young John Muir: An Environmental Biography. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
- ^ Anderson, William (1998). Green Man: The Archetype of Our Oneness with the Earth. ISBN 978-0951703816.
- ^ Worster, Donald (2008). Passion for Nature. ISBN 978-0195166828.
Literatura uredi
- McGuckin, Travis (2015). John Muir: Father of the National Parks. Lulu Press. ISBN 9781329556317.
- Miller, Barbara Kiely (2008). John Muir. Gareth Stevens. str. 10. ISBN 978-0836883183.
Dodatna literatura uredi
- Austin, Richard C. (1991). Baptized into wilderness: A Christian perspective on John Muir. Creekside Press. ISBN 978-0-9625831-2-4.
- Bilbro, Jeffrey. "Preserving "God's Wildness" for Redemptive Baptism: Muir and Disciples of Christ Theology," in Loving God's Wildness: The Christian Roots of Ecological Ethics in American Literature. Tuscaloosa: U of Alabama P, 2015. 63-98. ISBN 978-0-8173-1857-4.
- Blessing, Matt. "'The inventions, though of little importance, opened all doors for me': John Muir's Years as an Inventor". Wisconsin Magazine of History, vol. 99, no. 4 (Summer 2016): 16–27.
- Ehrlich, Gretel (2000). John Muir: Nature's Visionary . National Geographic. ISBN 978-0-7922-7954-9.
- Engberg, Robert; Wesling, Donald (1999). John Muir: To Yosemite and Beyond. University of Utah Press: Salt Lake City. ISBN 978-0-87480-580-2.
- Fleck, Richard F., ur. (1997). Mountaineering Essays. University of Utah Press: Salt Lake City. ISBN 978-0-87480-544-4.
- Gifford, Terry (2011). John Muir's Literary Science. The Public Domain Review.
- Hunt, James B. 2013. Restless Fires: Young John Muir's Thousand Mile Walk to the Gulf in 1867–68. Mercer University Press.
- Lasky, Kathryn. John Muir: America's first environmentalist (Candlewick Press, 2014)
- Miller, Char (2001). Gifford Pinchot and the Making of Modern Environmentalism. Island Press. ISBN 978-1-55963-822-7.
- O'Casey, Terrence (24. 9. 2006). „John Muir: God's Preacher of Creation”. Christian Standard.
- Smith, Michael B. (jun 1998). „The Value of a Tree: Public Debates of John Muir and Gifford Pinchot”. The Historian. 60 (4): 757—778. ISSN 0018-2370. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6563.1998.tb01414.x.
- Turner, Frederick. John Muir: From Scotland to the Sierra: A Biography (Canongate Books, 2014)
- White, Graham, ur. (2009). Journeys in the Wilderness, A John Muir Reader. Birlinn. ISBN 978-1-84158-697-7.
- Williams, Dennis (2002). God's Wilds: John Muir's Vision of Nature. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 978-1-58544-143-3.
- Witschi, N.S. (2002). Traces of Gold: California's Natural Resources and the Claim to Realism in Western American Literature . Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. ISBN 978-0-8173-1117-9.
- Worster, Donald (januar 2005). „John Muir and the Modern Passion for Nature”. Environmental History. 10 (1): 8—19. doi:10.1093/envhis/10.1.8.
- Worster, Donald (2008). A Passion for Nature: The Life of John Muir. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-516682-8.
- Wuerthner, George (1994). Yosemite: A Visitor's Companion. Stackpole Books. str. 25–37. ISBN 978-0-8117-2598-9.
- Young, Samuel Hall (1915). Alaska Days with John Muir. Fleming H. Revell.
