Beovulf

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Beovulf (engl. Beowulf) je tradicionalna herojska epska pesma pisana na staroengleskom. U prepisu, pesma je nenaslovljena, ali je poznata pod nazivom Beovulf još početkom 19. veka.

Prva strana rukopisa

Poreklo i istorija

Beovulf je jedna od najstarijih zapisanih epskih pesama na staroengleskom jeziku. Precizan datum nastanka nije utvrđen, ali je pesma prvi put zapisana oko 1000. godine nove ere. Neki naučnici smatraju da arhaizmi koji se javljaju u pesmi sugerišu da je nastala početkom 8. veka, dok je drugi smatraju da je nastala krajem 10. veka, oko vremena kada je i zapisana.

Pesma je fiktivna, ali se na nekim mestima pominju ljudi i događaji koji su se verovatno desili, koji datiraju u periodu između 450. i 600. godine nove ere u Danskoj i južnoj Švedskoj (Goti i Šveđani).

Tema pesme

Priča prati život herojskog gotskog kralja, Beovulfa, i njegove tri velike bitke sa čudovištima: prvim trolom Grendelom, sa Grendelovom majkom, i konačno sa zmajem koji bljuje vatru, koji ga na kraju ubija. Pesma predstavlja prikaz germanskog ratničkog društva, u kome je odnos između vođe, ili kralja, i njegovih podanika od suštinskog značaja.

Društvo je takođe strogo određeno po pitanju srodničkih odnosa; ako se desi da rođak bude ubijen, dužnost je preživelih rođaka da ga osvete: bilo životom ubice ili plaćanjem danka, tj. odštete. Šta više, ovo je društvo vođeno verovanjima u sudbinu. Verovanje da njime rukovodi sudbina predstavlja najvažniji faktor u svim Beovulfovim postupcima.

Literatura

• Andersson, Theodore M. (1998). Bjork, Robert E.; Niles, John D., ur. Sources and Analogues. A Beowulf Handbook. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. str. 125—148. ISBN 978-0803261501. 
• Chambers, Raymond Wilson (1921). Beowulf: An Introduction to the Study of the Poem. The University Press. 
• Chickering, Howell D. (2002). „Beowulf and 'Heaneywulf': review” (PDF). The Kenyon Review. New. 24 (1): 160—178. 
• Cook, Albert Stanburrough (1926). Beowulfian and Odyssean Voyages. Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences. 
• Greenfield, Stanley (1989). Hero and Exile. Hambleton Press. 
• Joy, Eileen A. (2005). „Thomas Smith, Humfrey Wanley, and the 'Little-Known Country' of the Cotton Library” (PDF). Electronic British Library Journal. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 28. 06. 2011. g. Pristupljeno 23. 01. 2021. 
• „Anthropological and Cultural Approaches to Beowulf”. The Heroic Age (5). Summer—Autumn 2001. 
• Kiernan, Kevin (1996). Beowulf and the Beowulf Manuscript. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan. ISBN 978-0-472-08412-8. 
• Jaillant, Lise. "A Fine Old Tale of Adventure: Beowulf Told to the Children of the English Race, 1898–1908." Children's Literature Association Quarterly 38.4 (2013): 399–419
• Liuzza, Roy M. (2013) [2000]. Beowulf: facing page translation (2nd izd.). Broadview Press. ISBN 978-1554811137. 
• Lord, Albert (1960). The Singer of Tales. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674002838. 
• Magennis, Hugh (2011). Translating Beowulf : modern versions in English verse. D.S. Brewer. ISBN 978-1-84384-394-8. 
• Mitchell, Bruce; Robinson, Fred C. (1998). Beowulf: an edition with relevant shorter texts. Blackwell. ISBN 978-0631172260. 
• North, Richard (2006). „The King's Soul: Danish Mythology in Beowulf”. Origins of Beowulf: From Vergil to Wiglaf. Oxford University Press. 
• Orchard, Andy (2003a). A Critical Companion to Beowulf. D.S. Brewer. 
• Panzer, Friedrich (1910). Studien zur germanischen Sagengeschichte - I. Beowulf. C. H. Beck (O. Beck). , and II. Sigfrid (jezik: nemački)
• Puhvel, Martin (1979). Beowulf and Celtic Tradition. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. ISBN 978-0889200630. 
• Robinson, Fred C. (2001). The Cambridge Companion to Beowulf. Cambridge University Press. 
• Schulman, Jana K.; Szarmach, Paul E. (2012). „Introduction”. Ur.: Schulman, Jana K; Szarmach, Paul E. Beowulf and Kalamazoo. Medieval Institute. str. 1—11. ISBN 978-1-58044-152-0. 
• Tolkien, John Ronald Reuel (2006). Bliss, Alan, ur. Finn and Hengest. Harper Collins. ISBN 0-261-10355-5. 
• Tolkien, John Ronald Reuel (1997) [1958]. Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics and other essays. London: HarperCollins. 
• Tolkien, John Ronald Reuel (1958). Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics and other essays. London: HarperCollins. 
• Vickrey, John F. (2009). Beowulf and the Illusion of History. University of Delaware Press. ISBN 978-0980149661. 
• Zumthor, Paul (1984). Englehardt, Marilyn C. (translator). „The Text and the Voice”. New Literary History. 16 (1): 67—92. JSTOR 468776. doi:10.2307/468776. 
• Anderson, Sarah, ur. (2004). Introduction and historical/cultural contexts. Longman Cultural. ISBN 978-0-321-10720-6. 
• Carruthers, Leo (2011). „Rewriting Genres: Beowulf as Epic Romance”. Ur.: Carruthers, Leo; Chai-Elsholz, Raeleen; Silec, Tatjana. Palimpsests and the Literary Imagination of Medieval England. Palgrave. str. 139–55. ISBN 9780230100268. 
• Chadwick, Nora K. (1959). „The Monsters and Beowulf”. Ur.: Clemoes, Peter. The Anglo-Saxons: Studies in Some Aspects of Their History. Bowes & Bowes. str. 171—203. OCLC 213750799. 
• Chance, Jane (1990). „The Structural Unity of Beowulf: The Problem of Grendel's Mother”. Ur.: Damico, Helen; Olsen, Alexandra Hennessey. New Readings on Women in Old English Literature. Indiana University Press. str. 248—261. 
• Creed, Robert P. (1990). Reconstructing the Rhythm of Beowulf. University of Missouri. ISBN 9780826207227. 
• Damico, Helen (1984). Beowulf's Wealhtheow and the Valkyrie Tradition. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 9780299095000. 
• Heaney, Seamus (2000). Beowulf: A New Verse Translation. W.W. Norton & Company. 
• Lerer, Seth (2012). „Dragging the Monster from the Closet: Beowulf and the English Literary Tradition”. Ragazine. Arhivirano iz originala 28. 11. 2016. g. Pristupljeno 23. 01. 2021. 
• Neidorf, Leonard, ur. (2014). The Dating of Beowulf: A Reassessment. D.S. Brewer. ISBN 978-1-84384-387-0. 
• Nicholson, Lewis E., ur. (1963). An Anthology of Beowulf Criticism. University of Notre Dame Press. ISBN 978-0-268-00006-6. 
• Orchard, Andy (2003b). Pride and Prodigies: Studies in the Monsters of the Beowulf-Manuscript. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1442657090. 
• Puhvel, Martin (2010). Beowulf and the Celtic Tradition. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. ISBN 9781554587698. 
• Robinson, Fred C. (2002). The Tomb of Beowulf. The Norton Critical Edition of Beowulf: A Verse Translation, translated by Seamus Heaney and edited by Daniel Donoghue. W.W. Norton & Company. str. 181—197. 
• Saltzman, Benjamin A. (2018). „Secrecy and the Hermeneutic Potential in Beowulf”. PMLA. 133: 36—55. doi:10.1632/pmla.2018.133.1.36. 
• Tolkien, John Ronald Reuel (2002). Drout, Michael D. C., ur. Beowulf and the Critics. Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies. 
• Trask, Richard M. (1998). „Preface to the Poems: Beowulf and Judith: Epic Companions”. Beowulf and Judith: Two Heroes. University Press of America. str. 11—14. 

Spoljašnje veze

• Čitanje Beovulfa na Starom engleskom
• Translations of Beowulf at Project Gutenberg:
  • Moderni engleski prevod Francis Barton Gummere
  • Moderni engleski prevod John Lesslie Hall
  • Staroengelsko izdanje Priredio James Albert Harrison and Robert Sharp
• Beowulf on Steorarume(Beowulf in Cyberspace) by Benjamin Slade, full Old English text and new translation, with many other resources
• Ringler, Dick. Beowulf: A New Translation For Oral Delivery, May 2005. Searchable text with full audio available, from the University of Wisconsin-Madison Libraries.
• Several different Modern English translations Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (20. jul 2011)
• Summary of the story
• Beowulf: Recognizing the Past
• Christianity in Beowulf
• James Grout: Beowulf, part of the Encyclopædia Romana
• Beowulf: The Movie(s). A Comprehensive Look at the (Brief) List of Cinematic Adaptations of the English Language's Most Enduring Epic Poem an article from Film as Art: Danél Griffin's Guide to Cinema
• Additional information about the Ashburnham House fire
• Several dozen more translations, with images of the book covers
• Full digital facsimile of the manuscript on the British Library's Digitised Manuscripts website
• Electronic Beowulf, edited by Kevin Kiernan, 4th online edition (University of Kentucky/The British Library, 2015)
• Beowulf manuscript in The British Library's Online Gallery, with short summary and podcast Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (18. septembar 2010)
• Annotated List of Beowulf Translations: The List – Arizonal Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (21. jun 2013)
• online text (digitised from Elliott van Kirk Dobbie (ed.), Beowulf and Judith, Anglo-Saxon Poetic Records, 4 (New York, 1953))
• Beowulf introduction Article introducing various translations and adaptations of Beowulf
• Beowulf translated by John Lesslie Hall at Standard Ebooks
• Beowulf public domain audiobook at LibriVox
• The tale of Beowulf (Sel.3.231); a digital edition of the proof-sheets with manuscript notes and corrections by William Morris in Cambridge Digital Library