Vazduhoplovno ratovanje
Vazduhoplovno ratovanje (engl. Aerial warfare) je upotreba vojnih aviona i drugih letećih mašina u ratovanju, kao i borbu protiv njih.[1] Vazduhoplovno ratovanje uključuje:
- bombardere koji napadaju neprijateljske objekte, koncentraciju neprijateljskih trupa ili strateške ciljeve;
- lovačke avione koji se bore za kontrolu vazdušnog prostora;
- jurišni avion koji se usko usmerava na kopnenu vazdušnu podršku;
- mornaričku avijaciju koja leti protiv pomorskih i obližnjih kopnenih ciljeva;
- jedrilice, helikoptere i druge letelice za prevoz vazdušnih snaga poput padobranaca;
- vazdušni tankeri za dopunu goriva za produženje vremena rada ili dometa;
- vojne transportne letelice za premeštanje tereta i osoblja.[2]
Istorijski gledano, vojne letelice su uključivale balone lakše od vazduha koji su nosili artiljerijske posmatrače; vazdušne brodove lakše od vazduha za bombardovanje gradova; razne vrste vazduhoplova za izviđanje, nadzor i rano upozoravanje koji nose posmatrače, kamere i radarsku opremu; torpedne bombardere za napad na neprijateljske brodove, i vojne spasilačke letelice za spas oborenih avijatičara. Moderno vazduhoplovo ratovanje uključuje rakete i bespilotne letelice,[3][4] kao i PVO kojom kopnene snage odgovaraju na neprijateljske vazdušne aktivnosti.
Istorija uredi
Istorija ratnog vazduhoplovstva započela je u drevna vremena, upotrebom zmajeva u drevnoj Kini. U trećem veku je vazduhoplovstvo je napredovalo do stupnja balonskog ratovanja.[5][6]
Avioni su korišćeni u ratne svrhe počev od 1911. godine, prvo za vazduhoplovno izviđanje, a zatim za vazdušne borbe s ciljem obaranja neprijateljskih izviđačkih aviona. Avioni su nastavili da izvršavaju ove uloge i tokom Prvog svetskog rata, kad se takođe pojavila upotreba aviona i cepelina za strateško bombardovanje.
Za vreme Drugog svetskog rata, povećala se upotreba strateškog bombardovanja, a došlo je i do uvođenja vazdušnih snaga, projektila i rane precizno navođene municije.
Balističke rakete postale su od ključnog značaja tokom Hladnog rata. One su bile naoružane nuklearnim bojevim glavama, a Sjedinjene Države i Sovjetski Savez ih su skladištile u velikim količinama kako bi se međusobno odvratile od upotrebe. Prvi vojni sateliti su korišćeni za izviđanje tokom pedesetih godina prošlog veka, a njihova upotreba je napredovala do svetskih komunikacionih i informacionih sistema koji podržavaju globalno distribuirane vojne korisnike sa obaveštajnim podacima iz orbite.
Vazdušno izviđanje uredi
Vazdušno izviđanje je izviđanje u vojne ili strateške svrhe koje se sprovodi korišćenjem izviđačkih aviona. Ova uloga može da ispuni niz zahteva, uključujući prikupljanje obaveštajnih podataka u vidu slika, posmatranje neprijateljskih manevara i uočavanje artiljerije.[7][8]
Vazdušno borbeno manevrisanje uredi
Vazdušno borbeno manevrisanje je taktička umetnost kretanja, okretanja i postavljanja borbenog aviona kako bi se postigao položaj sa kojeg se može izvršiti napad na drugi avion. To se oslanja na ofanzivno i defanzivno osnovno manevrisanje lovaca (BFM) da bi se stekla prednost nad protivnikom iz vazduha.[9][10][9][11]
Strateško bombardovanje uredi
Strateško bombardovanje je vojna strategija koja se koristi u totalnom ratu sa ciljem da se porazi neprijatelj uništavanjem njegovog morala ili ekonomske sposobnosti da proizvode i transportuju materijal do poprišta vojnih operacija, ili oboje. Ono je sistematski organizovan i izveden napad iz vazduha koji može da koristi strateške bombardere, rakete dugog ili srednjeg dometa ili nuklearno naoružane lovačke bombardere za napad na ciljeve za koje se smatra da su od vitalnog značaja za sposobnost neprijatelja za vođenje rata.[12]
Reference uredi
- ^ Hearne, R. P. (1909). Aerial Warfare. London: John Lane. Pristupljeno 2. 6. 2012.
- ^ See John Andreas Olsen, ed., A History of Air Warfare (2010) for global coverage since 1900.
- ^ „072309kp1.pdf” (PDF). Arhivirano (PDF) iz originala 4. 10. 2012. g. Pristupljeno 18. 10. 2012.
- ^ „Drone Planes: Are Fighter Pilots Obsolete?”. ABC News. 24. 7. 2009. Arhivirano iz originala 26. 3. 2018. g.
- ^ "Encyclopedia of War Machines" edited by Daniel Bowen.
- ^ Fitzgerald, W. G. (jul 1905). „War Balloons of To-Day”. The World To-Day. Chicago, IL: The World To-Day Company. IX (7): 740—756. Pristupljeno 2. 6. 2012.
- ^ Gasparre, Richard (25. 1. 2008). „The U.S. and Unmanned Flight: Part 1”. airforce-technology.com. Pristupljeno 13. 3. 2009.
- ^ Fickes, Michael (1. 10. 2004). „Automated Eye In The Sky”. GovernmentSecurity.com. Arhivirano iz originala 18. 3. 2005. g. Pristupljeno 13. 3. 2009.
- ^ a b "Basic Principles of BFM Arhivirano 2011-08-05 na sajtu Wayback Machine".
- ^ Sick's ACM School: Maneuvers Explained Arhivirano 2009-08-31 na sajtu Wayback Machine
- ^ „Advanced Combat Manoeuvres – Battleground Europe Wiki”. Pristupljeno 16. 11. 2010. Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (14. jul 2018). Wiki.battlegroundeurope.com (2008-08-15)
- ^ Barrett Tillman (2014). Forgotten Fifteenth: The Daring Airmen Who Crippled Hitler's War Machine. Simon and Schuster. str. 35. ISBN 978-1-62157-235-0.
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- Budiansky, Stephen. Air Power: The Men, Machines, and Ideas That Revolutionized War, from Kitty Hawk to Iraq (2005) global coverage by journalist
- Collier, Basil (1974). A History of Air Power . New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc.
- Cooksley, Peter G.; Bruce Robertson (1997). The Encyclopedia of 20th Century Conflict: Air Warfare. Arms and Armour. ISBN 1-85409-223-5.
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Spoljašnje veze uredi
- Middle Eastern Air Power 2009
- Aerial Warfare Quotations
- Jones, Johnny R.: Air power, Air & Space Power Journal
- Historic films showing aerial warfare during World War I at europeanfilmgateway.eu